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981.
Perception of intersensory temporal order is particularly difficult for (continuous) audiovisual speech, as perceivers may find it difficult to notice substantial timing differences between speech sounds and lip movements. Here we tested whether this occurs because audiovisual speech is strongly paired (“unity assumption”). Participants made temporal order judgments (TOJ) and simultaneity judgments (SJ) about sine-wave speech (SWS) replicas of pseudowords and the corresponding video of the face. Listeners in speech and non-speech mode were equally sensitive judging audiovisual temporal order. Yet, using the McGurk effect, we could demonstrate that the sound was more likely integrated with lipread speech if heard as speech than non-speech. Judging temporal order in audiovisual speech is thus unaffected by whether the auditory and visual streams are paired. Conceivably, previously found differences between speech and non-speech stimuli are not due to the putative “special” nature of speech, but rather reflect low-level stimulus differences. 相似文献
982.
983.
Judith A. Hall Sarah D. GunnerySusan A. Andrzejewski 《Journal of research in personality》2011,45(1):77-83
The goal of this research was to investigate the impact of nonverbal expressive cues on the attribution of the Big Five personality traits. Expressive cues of fear, disgust, happiness, and sadness were elicited in a sample of 22 encoders while watching films, narrating, and posing. Encoders’ personalities were rated by themselves and unacquainted raters who watched the encoders, and blind judges rated the traits of a typical student. Expressive cues influenced the raters’ attribution of personality, but this influence was weakest when the encoders expressed happiness (vs. negative emotions) and when they were narrating an emotional experience (when the cues were least potent). Negative and strong expressive cues interfered with the application of a normative, and more accurate, judgment strategy. 相似文献
984.
Metaphonological tasks, such as rhyme judgment, have been the primary tool for the investigation of the effects of orthographic knowledge on spoken language. However, it has been recently argued that the orthography effect in rhyme judgment does not reflect the automatic activation of orthographic codes but rather stems from sophisticated response strategies. Such a claim stands in sharp contrast with recent findings using event-related brain potentials (ERPs) in lexical and semantic tasks, which were taken to suggest that orthographic information occurs early enough to affect the core process of lexical access. Here, we show that the electrophysiological signature of the orthography effect in rhyme judgment is indeed different from the one obtained in online lexical or semantic tasks. That is, we did not find the orthography effect in the 300-350 ms time window which has previously been shown to process lexical information in the lexico-semantic tasks, but the effect appeared within the 175-250 ms and the 375-750 ms time-windows which we interpreted to reflect segmentation and decisional process, respectively. We conclude that the interactions between phonology and orthography are task-specific. Metaphonological tasks appear of limited use for studying the core processes and interactions that underlie lexical access. 相似文献
985.
本文从汉初易学之传承入手,比照分析了今、古文易学之传承情况,特别指出古文易派因无师承和对经义的固定传授,故虽同研古文《易》,但其对经义往往各自说之,持论不一,此于《周易正义·卷首》所载可见一斑。史料皆称王弼《易》所依乃是费氏古文本,然由出土之帛书本考之,疑王弼亦取于今文本,非尽依古文也。另据新出简帛资料,本文考证《子夏易传》确为学有渊源的先秦古《易》传本,并辨析了其之所以未被列入《汉书·艺文志》的缘由。 相似文献
986.
汉代儒家领军人物董仲舒的主要哲学著作《春秋繁露》蕴含着深厚的易学功底,其哲学基本上是《易经》的阴阳学说的引申,主要体现在:一、“阳尊阴卑”的阴阳观,二、感应论,三、“天地人”三才之道与法天及“与时偕行”的思想,四、“见微知著”的发展规律论,五、“神道设教”与灾异谴告说的内在联系。董子对于易学思想的继承与发扬更具有自觉与圆融的特点,从而使自身的思想与传统易学浑然一体。 相似文献
987.
Perceivers’ shared theories about the social world have long featured prominently in social inference research. Here, we investigate how fundamental differences in such theories influence basic inferential processes. Past work has typically shown that integrating multiple interpretations of behavior during social inference requires cognitive resources. However, three studies that measured or manipulated people’s beliefs about the stable versus dynamic nature of human attributes (i.e., their entity vs. incremental theory, respectively) qualify these past findings. Results revealed that, when interpreting others’ actions, perceivers’ theories selectively facilitate the consideration of interpretations that are especially theory-relevant. While experiencing cognitive load, entity theorists continued to incorporate information about stable dispositions (but not about dynamic social situations) in their social inferences, whereas incremental theorists continued to incorporate information about dynamic social situations (but not about stable traits). Implications of these results for how perceivers find meaning in behavior are discussed. 相似文献
988.
Substructural logics have received a lot of attention in recent years from the communities of both logic and algebra. We discuss
the algebraization of substructural logics over the full Lambek calculus and their connections to residuated lattices, and
establish a weak form of the deduction theorem that is known as parametrized local deduction theorem. Finally, we study certain
interpolation properties and explain how they imply the amalgamation property for certain varieties of residuated lattices.
Dedicated to the memory of Willem Johannes Blok 相似文献
989.
990.
Amber Sprenger Michael R. Dougherty 《Organizational behavior and human decision processes》2006,99(2):202-211
Most theories of probability judgment assume that judgments are made by comparing the strength of a focal hypothesis relative to the strength of alternative hypotheses. In contrast, research suggests that frequency judgments are assessed using a non-comparative process; the strength of the focal hypothesis is assessed without comparing it to the strength of alternative hypotheses. We tested this distinction between probability and frequency judgments using the alternative outcomes paradigm (Windschitl, Young, & Jenson, 2002). Assuming that judgments of probability (but not judgments of frequency) entail comparing the focal hypothesis with alternative hypotheses, we hypothesized that probability judgments would be sensitive to the distribution of the alternative hypotheses and would be negatively correlated with individual differences in working memory (WM) capacity. In contrast, frequency judgments should be unrelated to the distribution of the alternatives and uncorrelated with WM-capacity. Results supported the hypotheses. 相似文献