The Relationship Between Personality Traits and Reflective Judgment Among Female Students

Forty-three female undergraduate and graduate students preparing for careers as educators provided Omnibus Personality Inventory and Reflective Judgment Interview data. The sample included 14 seniors, 15 master's candidates, and 14 doctoral candidates. Each educational level group included participants with a range of intellectual disposition scores as measured by the Omnibus Personality Inventory. Scores on six scales of the Omnibus Personality Inventory correlated significantly with Reflective Judgment Interview scores (p < .05): thinking introversion, response bias, altruism, autonomy, complexity, and theoretical orientation. These findings support the conclusion that postformal reasoning, as described in P. M. King and K. S. Kitchener's (1994) reflective judgment model of cognitive development, is related to measurable personality traits.     

任务难度预见的准确性与记忆成绩的相关

本研究采用 3× 3二因素混合实验设计 (年龄、材料 ) ,以 |P -A|÷A做指标 ,对任务难度预见的准确性与记忆成绩之间的相关进行了研究。发现 :任务难度的预见准确性与记忆成绩之间存在显著相关 ;被试年龄对任务难度预见的准确性与记忆成绩之间的相关有影响 ;材料难度对任务难度预见的准确性与记忆成绩之间的相关没有影响     

刻板印象的自动激活实验研究

本研究应用模糊主次评判方法配合语义启动技术进行实验。结果表明;在年龄刻板印象上存在自动激活,而且没有性别差异;用不同性质的启动词来激活与年龄有关的刻板印象,激活后的刻板印象对年龄的判断有不同的影响,而且被试没有一个人意识到这点,表明内隐刻板印象的存在;人的判断具有模糊性,模糊主次评判方法有助于社会认知领域的量化研究,这是一个全新的尝试。     

7～11岁儿童的同伴接纳与心理理论发展的研究

本研究采用情境故事研究7～11岁儿童二级错误信念理解和特质理解能力的发展,并探讨该年龄段儿童同伴接纳与心理理论发展的相互影响机制。结果表明,7～11岁儿童的二级错误信念理解能力随年龄增长显著提高;7岁儿童关于特质因果性的理解有比较高的起点,7～9岁加速发展,之后趋缓;7～9岁儿童的同伴接纳与其二级误信念理解能力没有显著的相关;总体上看,受欢迎学生的特质理解能力显著优于被拒斥学生。     

幼儿心理状态术语的运用与心理理论的发展

本研究目的在于探讨幼儿在假装游戏中心理状态术语的应用,以及与错误信念的理解是否存在相关并具有一定的发展特征。57名3—5岁的幼儿参加了实验。研究程序包括两类标准错误信念任务及假装游戏的拍摄、麦卡锡幼儿言语智力测验。结果发现：(1)幼儿的一般言语能力与错误信念的理解存在显著相关;(2)幼儿心理状态术语的使用存在情境差异,且随年龄的增长具有“指向愿望一指向信念”的维度特征;(3)在控制相关因素之后,幼儿错误信念的理解与心理状态术语的应用及其特定范畴(习惯用语)之间仍然存在显著相关;与“真正涉及心理状态”之间的相关不再显著。     

大学生精神信仰的现状研究

本研究首次关注大学生的精神信仰,通过问卷对1100名大学生调查,发现大学生精神信仰存在如下特点：社会信仰占优势,其次依次为实用信仰和超自然信仰;民族主义、生命崇拜和国家主义位居前三位,宗教信仰、金钱崇拜和神灵崇拜位居后三位。     

空间主方位判断的训练和方位效应

以20名区域管制员和20名大学生为被试,通过两种类型的空间主方位判断任务考察训练效应和方位效应。结果表明：管制员主方位判断的绩效(正确率和判断反应时)显着优于学生．拍摄方向朝北和目标刺激在上-下轴位置时,主方位判断的绩效显著优于其他条件。研究提示,训练能够有效地提高空间主方位判断的绩效,主方位判断存在朝北的方位效应和上-下轴位置效应。     

The alternative explanation to the alternative‐outcome effect and the detection of the focal outcome effect

Abstract: Previous studies on subjective probability judgment indicate that pair‐wise comparison between the focal and the strongest alternative outcome plays an important role in probability judgment. This study, however, found that the randomness of alternative outcomes affected probability judgment for focal outcome. In the present study, 182 participants provided probability estimates for winning on hypothetical slot machines where both successes and losses were composed of multiple outcomes. The randomness of both the focal and alternative outcomes were defined by the expression used in Rappoport and Budescu (1997 ). The analysis indicated that the more random the distributions of both focal and alternative outcomes, the higher the estimated probability for focal outcome. Some theoretical suggestions are discussed.     

Egocentrism and focalism in unrealistic optimism (and pessimism)

People tend to overestimate their comparative likelihood of experiencing a rosy future. The present research suggests that one reason for this error is that when people compare their likelihood of experiencing an event with that of the average person, they focus on their own chances of experiencing the event and insufficiently consider the likelihood of the average person experiencing the event. As a consequence, people tend to think that they are more likely than the average person to experience common events and less likely than the average person to experience rare events. This causes unrealistic optimism in the case of common desirable events and rare undesirable events, but unrealistic pessimism in the case of rare desirable events and common undesirable events (Studies 1 and 2). Study 2 further suggests that both egocentrism and focalism underlie these biases. These results suggest that unrealistic optimism is not as ubiquitous as once thought.