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901.
Attributional complexity (AC, [Fletcher, G. J. O., Danilovics, P., Fernandez, G., Peterson, D., & Reeder, G. D. (1986). Attributional complexity: An individual differences measure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 875–884]) is a construct designed to describe individual differences in the motivation and preference for complex attributions for behavior. Scores on the Attributional Complexity Scale (ACS) have been found to be related to a lesser propensity to error and greater accuracy in social judgment. However, little is known concerning how people who score higher on this scale (the attributionally complex) actually behave or are viewed by others. Participants (n = 178) completed the ACS, their behavior as videotaped during a social interaction was rated by four observers, and they were described by two acquaintances along numerous personality characteristics. Behavior of individuals higher in AC was directly observed to be relatively open, positive, expressive, and socially skilled. Although AC was unrelated to academic achievement or SAT scores, those higher in AC tended to be described by peers as having social wisdom, thoughtfulness, empathy, and openness. The behaviors and personality characteristics associated with AC likely contribute to good social judgment. 相似文献
902.
This study investigated how societal conditions have influenced Japanese gender egalitarianism by analyzing sex and age group
differences in attitudes towards sex roles and “gender equality judgment criteria,” the theoretical framework used to capture
the diversity of gender egalitarianism. Questionnaire surveys were mailed to 1,000 randomly sampled Japanese adults in their
30s to 60s (501 valid responses). The results show that the most egalitarian sex role attitudes and greatest consideration
given to gender equality judgment criteria were seen in women and in the 40s age group. This age group difference could be
attributed to societal conditions during adolescence and young adulthood, including the questioning of the homemaker role
during the women’s movement in Japan and the passage of laws concerning equal employment opportunities for both sexes in 1985.
This article is based on the doctoral dissertation of the first author with some amendments and revisions. A part of this
article was presented at the 43rd Annual Convention of the Japanese Society for Social Psychology. 相似文献
903.
Jennifer Faust 《International Journal for Philosophy of Religion》2008,63(1-3):71-86
In his famous essay “The Ethics of Belief,” William K. Clifford claimed “it is wrong always, everywhere, and for anyone, to believe anything upon insufficient evidence.” (Clifford’s essay was originally published in Contemporary Review in 1877; it is presently in print in Madigan (1999)). One might claim that a corollary to Clifford’s Law is that it is wrong, always, everywhere, and for anyone, to withhold belief when faced with sufficient evidence. Seeming to operate on this principle, many religious philosophers—from St. Anselm to Alvin Plantinga—have claimed that non-believers are psychologically or cognitively deficient if they refuse to believe in the existence of God, when presented with evidence for His existence in the form of relevant experience or religious arguments that are prima facie unassailable. Similarly, many atheists fail to see how believers can confront the problem of evil and still assert their belief in a benevolent, omnipotent, and omniscient Creator. In this paper, I propose to explain why religious arguments so often fail to persuade (I take the term ‘religious argument’ to include arguments whose conclusions are either assertions or denials of religious claims). In doing so, I first offer an account of persuasion and then apply it to religious arguments. I go on to argue that at least some religious arguments commit a form of question-begging, which I call “begging the doxastic question.”~An argument begs the doxastic question, on my account, when a subject would find the argument persuasive only if she antecedently believes the argument’s conclusion. This form of question begging is not, strictly speaking, a case of circularity and thus, is not a fallacy; rather, it would explain why one coming to the argument would fail to be persuaded by it unless he already accepted its conclusion. This has the effect, when applied to religious argumentation, that religious arguments are rarely persuasive, which raises the further question: what good are religious arguments? I end by suggesting some non-persuasive functions of religious argument. Finally, I suggest that a full understanding of religious argumentation should give evidentialists pause, for religious beliefs look less like belief states that are sensitive to evidentiary states and more like framework principles or fundamental commitments. 相似文献
904.
本研究采用人格形容词评定法对诸葛亮的人格进行了定量研究。因素分析结果表明,诸葛亮在大众印象中主要表现出"忠义"、"沉稳"、"严谨"、"贤明"和"守信"五大人格特征,并通过对该评定结果与收集到的其他资料进行相互印证,从而全面描绘诸葛亮在大众印象中的人格特征。 相似文献
905.
906.
注意和非注意条件下的整体和局部性质加工 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
以往关于整体和局部知觉的研究通常要求被试直接对出现在复合刺激整体或局部水平上的靶目标做反应,因此复合刺激与任务相关并被注意。该研究通过测量复合字母的整体和局部性质对随后出现的探测刺激的启动效应来研究在非注意条件下整体和局部性质加工的差异。实验一发现复合刺激的整体和局部性质对探测刺激产生负启动效应,但二者没有显著差异。实验二缩短了启动刺激与探测刺激之间的时间间隔,复合刺激的整体和局部性质对探测刺激都不再产生启动效应。在实验一、二中,当要求被试直接对复合刺激做反应时,其分辨局部性质的错误率都比分辨整体性质的错误率高。根据这些结果,讨论了在注意和非注意下的整体和局部性质加工的差异。 相似文献
907.
选取言语智力匹配的孤独症个体(19名)、典型发展个体(20名)、智力迟滞个体(19名)为被试,动画呈现以言语和非言语信息为线索的两个谎言情景,考察了孤独症个体谎言理解中的谎言行为判断、真假信息辨别、谎言意图理解及其与自我/他人错误信念理解的关系。结果表明:(1)孤独症个体能够进行谎言行为判断,其困难主要表现在辨别真假信息及对谎言意图的理解上;(2)孤独症个体对他人错误信念理解越好,对真假信息辨别也越准确,而谎言意图理解则与对自我错误信念的理解有关;(3)谎言线索以言语或非言语方式呈现对孤独症谎言理解并无影响。 相似文献
908.
基于信号检测论的框架, 考察不同的情绪效价以及时间间隔如何交互影响老年人在图片再认任务中的辨别力(d′)和判断标准(β), 进而影响其错误记忆。以21名老年人(女性14名)为被试, 平均年龄67.17 ± 5.03岁。根据中国老年人对国际情绪图片库(International Affective Picture System, IAPS)中图片评定的情绪参数, 选出积极、消极和中性图片各60张作为学习材料。另选积极、消极和中性图片各30张作为每次再认测验的干扰材料, 并且两次再认测验的干扰材料不同。短时间隔条件让老年人在图片记忆编码半个小时后完成对图片的再认测验; 长时间隔条件则为在三周后完成对图片的再认测验。结果发现: 1)在短时间隔条件下, β和d′共同影响虚报率; 而在长时间隔条件下, 只有β影响虚报率, d′不影响虚报率; 2)无论是在短时还是长时间隔条件下, 积极图片与消极图片的判别力d′都没有显著差别; 3)在短时间隔条件下, 老年人对消极图片的β更低、虚报率更高; 在长时间隔条件下, 老年人对积极图片的β更低、虚报率更高。研究结果表明: 老年人的错误记忆受判别力d′和判断标准β的影响。情绪效价通过作用于老年人的反应倾向(判断标准β)、而非记忆质量(判别力d′)来影响其错误记忆。时间间隔可以调节情绪效价对老年人判断标准β和错误记忆的作用, 使之随时间发生反转。老年人的“积极效应”在错误记忆中可能表现为随着时间的流逝, 老年人更愿意将积极信息报告为经历或学习过的信息。 相似文献
909.
910.
基于社会学习理论和同伴规范影响理论,通过整群取样的方法从北京市两所高校中共选取3068名大一新生为被试,以问卷方式测查了大学生感知到的同伴网络过度使用行为和态度以及网络使用过程中的同伴压力和自身的网络成瘾程度;探讨了同伴的网络过度使用行为、态度对自身网络成瘾的影响及网络使用同伴压力在这一关系中的中介作用。结果表明:(1)大学生中的网络成瘾者所感知到的同伴网络过度使用行为、态度及网络使用时同伴压力均显著高于非网络成瘾者;(2)同伴网络过度使用行为、态度以及网络使用同伴压力均与网络成瘾的总分及五个维度得分呈显著正相关;(3)同伴网络过度使用行为可以正向显著地直接预测大学生网络成瘾的程度,同时也会通过网络使用的同伴压力这一中介变量间接地预测大学生的网络成瘾程度;但同伴的网络过度使用态度不能直接预测自身的网络成瘾程度,而是通过同伴压力间接地影响自身的网络成瘾程度。结论:网络使用过程中的同伴压力在同伴网络过度使用行为影响自身网络成瘾程度关系中起部分中介作用,而在同伴网络过度使用态度影响自身网络成瘾程度关系中起完全中介作用。 相似文献