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191.
192.
Rachel S. Farber Chata A. Dickson William V. Dube 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》2017,50(1):87-105
Overselective stimulus control refers to discriminative control in which the number of controlling stimuli is too limited for effective behavior. Experiment 1 included 22 special‐education students who exhibited overselective stimulus control on a two‐sample delayed matching task. An intervention added a compound identity matching opportunity within the sample observation period of the matching trials. The compound matching functioned as a differential observing response (DOR) in that high accuracy verified observation and discrimination of both sample stimuli. Nineteen participants learned to perform the DOR and two‐sample delayed matching accuracy increased substantially for 16 of them. When the DOR was completely withdrawn after 10 sessions, accuracy declined. In Experiment 2, a more gradual withdrawal of DOR requirements showed that highly accurate performance could be maintained with the DOR on only a proportion of trials for most participants. The results show that DOR training may lead to a general improvement in observing behavior. 相似文献
193.
A microswitch‐based program for promoting initial ambulation responses: An evaluation with two girls with multiple disabilities 下载免费PDF全文
Fabrizio Stasolla Alessandro O. Caffò Viviana Perilli Adele Boccasini Anna Stella Rita Damiani Vincenza Albano Concetta Damato 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》2017,50(2):345-356
We assessed the use of a microswitch‐based program for promoting ambulation responses by two children with multiple disabilities. The goals of the study were to: (a) evaluate the importance of the contingency between the target behavior (forward step) and the programmed consequence (preferred stimuli), (b) measure effects of the intervention on indices of happiness, and (c) assess the social validation of the procedure using 20 physiotherapists as external raters. The intervention involved the automatic delivery of preferred stimuli contingent on forward steps. Results showed that both participants improved their performance (forward steps and indices of happiness) during contingent reinforcement phases compared to baseline and noncontingent reinforcement phases. Moreover, physiotherapists rated the intervention as socially valid. 相似文献
194.
Van Gucht D Vansteenwegen D Beckers T Van den Bergh O 《Behaviour research and therapy》2008,46(3):375-391
Unlike in fear conditioning, little attention has been devoted to extinction and renewal in appetitive conditioning, despite its relevance for extinction-based addiction treatments. We developed a paradigm, using a specific tray as a conditioned stimulus (CS) for eating chocolate (unconditioned stimulus, US), to investigate the effects of context change on acquisition and extinction of conditioned chocolate craving using an ABA renewal design. In Study 1 (n=32), participants successfully acquired chocolate craving, but unlike what is commonly observed in fear conditioning, craving did not extinguish. In Study 2, we separately assessed craving and US expectancy in a between-subjects design (n=64). US-expectancy data showed acquisition, extinction and renewal in the ABA group. The craving data did not follow this pattern, suggesting different mechanisms for craving and US expectancy. Similarities and differences between craving and US expectancy, as well as practical implications, are discussed. 相似文献
195.
执行功能子成分与学业成就的关系 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
目的:探讨执行功能三个子成分(抑制功能、转换功能和信息刷新功能)与学业成就的关系。方法:采用认知任务对85名大学生的执行功能子成分进行测量,并进行执行功能子成分的Stroop效应、转换任务效应及信息刷新任务效应对学业成就的逐步回归分析。结果:抑制子功能的Stroop效应及信息刷新子功能的任务效应对学业成就具有负向预测作用,两者共同解释学业成就变异的15.1%。其中,抑制子功能的Stroop效应预测作用最大,可解释学业成就变异的8.5%。结论:执行功能抑制子功能的Stroop效应及信息刷新子功能的任务效应可作为学业成就的预测因子。 相似文献
196.
Lucas Couto de Carvalho Letícia dos Santos Alceu Regaço Kalliu Carvalho Couto Deisy das Graças de Souza João Claudio Todorov 《Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior》2020,114(3):291-307
Coordinated responses of 5 dyads of rats were investigated under fixed-ratio (FR) schedules of mutual water reinforcement. Coordinated responding was defined as 2 consecutive lever-presses, 1 from each of 2 rats, occurring <.5 s apart. In the FR schedules, each coordinated episode was defined as 1 response in the FR sequence. The size of FR schedules was parametrically manipulated assuming the values of FR 1, 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 50, and 9, in this order. Each FR remained in effect until responding reached stability. Under all conditions, pairs of rats received access to water simultaneously (mutual reinforcement). Rates and proportions of coordinated responding showed a bitonic inverted U-shaped function of ratio size. Postreinforcement pauses increased systematically as the interreinforcement interval increased. Local rates and proportions increased as a function of response location within ratios. Results of a control condition with relaxed temporal constraints for mutual reinforcement showed decreases in rates and proportion of coordinated responses, suggesting that the coordinated responses were controlled by the mutual reinforcement contingencies. The present experiment showed that coordinated responding is quantitatively affected by 3 properties of FR schedules: response requirement, reinforcement rates, and proximity to reinforcement. 相似文献
197.
Suicide Signs on the Rorschach 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
John Bishop Andrew Martin Scott Costanza Robert C. Lane 《Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy》2000,30(3):289-305
This paper reviews the literature concerning the assessment of suicide using the Rorschach and updates the important developments since Goldfried, Stricker, and Weiner's comprehensive review of the literature in 1971. Special attention is given to those indicators which show the most support in the literature and are most efficient to use. The presence or absence of any of these signs in a patient's record should not be taken to signify the presence or absence of suicidal ideation. However, the presence of even one of these indicators does provide a warning to the clinician, indicating that further exploration in this area may be warranted. Knowledge of the many suicidal indicators on projective tests places the clinician in a better position to predict such destructive behavior and intervene appropriately. 相似文献
198.
这项研究探讨元记忆判断对情节记忆系统、语义记忆系统和PRS(perceptualrepresentation)系统的监测问题。已有的研究表明,元记忆对情节记忆的监测好于对语义记忆的监测。这项研究在深度加工和元记忆训练的条件下,进一步比较了R反应(Rresponses)项目、K反应(Kresponses)项目以及成功补笔项目的FOK幅度(MFOK,magnitudeofFOK)。结果表明,无论是在深度加工的条件下,还是在元记忆训练的条件下,R项目的MFOK明最高于K项目和成功补笔项目。这说明元记忆系统的监测模式具有相对的稳定性,它不受记忆痕迹的性质与元记忆判断策略的影响。 相似文献
199.
John J. Furedy Ph.D. Boris Damke Wolfram Boucsein 《Integrative psychological & behavioral science》2000,35(1):17-34
Numerous studies have indicated that, consistent with current “cognitive” accounts of information processing, human Pavlovian
autonomic discrimination acquisition cannot occur without awareness of the CS-US relationship. However, extinction studies
have suggested that awareness is not necessary, findings that, in information-processing terms, have been explained by assuming
that the processing by the extinction stage is parallel (automatic) rather than serial (controlled). This explanation was
tested in an 80-subject study. The first, acquisition phase was a standard semantic differential conditioning arrangement
with a 96-db white noise as US, and a “long” CS-US interval of 8 s, with ten trials each of CS+ (paired with US) and CS− (unpaired)
trials. In extinction (USs omitted), in order to obtain non-autonomic indices of processing and thereby test the information-processing
account of “unaware” autonomic conditioning during extinction, a dichotic listening task was implemented, with the CSs presented
in the unattended channel (ear), while the subject had to perform a semantic differential reaction task in an attended-to
channel (other ear). In early extinction, the electrodermal response occurring at an interval of 9–15 s after CS onset (i.e.,
following placement of the US during acquisition) and the finger-pulse-volume response occurring at an interval of 4–11 s
after CS onset both showed reliable conditioning, but reaction-time and subjective-report data for the recognized critical
words indicated serial rather than parallel processing of the CSs during extinction. 相似文献
200.
Ralph-P. Hannes 《Aggressive behavior》1985,11(1):9-15
The blood androgen levels of both high- and low-ranking swordtail males show a reduction to one third of initial levels after social isolation but are returned to normal following a 20-minute exposure to a small male of the same species behind a transparent partition (standard-opponent test). Experiments to determine the cause of this effect revealed that the social contact involved in the test was not responsible, but that rather the presence of the fish in a new environment (the test-aquarium) for 20 hours itself sufficed to restore the normal androgen concentrations. The blood corticoid levels of both high- and low-ranking males are also reduced to one third of initial levels by social isolation. The normal level of this hormone was, however, restored following a standard-opponent test only in the case of the high-ranking males; the corticoid levels of the low-ranking males remaining depressed. Transfer to a new environment in itself did not account for the effect on the high-ranking males. This result suggests that the pituitary-adrenal systems of high- and low-ranking males are differentially responsive to the social situation represented by the standard-opponent test. 相似文献