基于速度与准确率权衡的心理测量学模型及应用

在大规模被试评价中,任务完成的准确率一直是评价的主要指标。然而,在各种任务情景中,反映执行者素质的指标除了结果的正确性之外,决策过程的时效性同样是极其重要的。因此,开发一个适合大规模评价情景,同时考虑速度与准确率权衡的模型,探索被试作答准确率与速度间的关系将具有重要的价值。基于认知心理学实验中的速度与准确率研究,构建一个基于速度与准确率权衡的心理测量学模型。新模型参数能非常稳定而又精确地被估计,同时模型中的变量及其关系也能够很好地得到实测数据的支持。     

纳西族亲属词的概念结构——兼与汉族亲属词概念结构比较

运用自然分类和多维标度方法,研究了纳西族亲属词的概念结构。被试是63名纳西族大学生。结果表明,纳西族亲属词概念结构由6个类别构成：（1）父母;（2）与父母同辈的长辈;（3）兄弟姐妹;（4）同辈的姻亲兄弟姐妹;（5）媳妇和女婿;（6）祖父母、子孙、旁系或姻亲子侄。纳西族亲属词的概念结构有两个维度：（1）同辈/异辈;（2）照顾者/被照顾者。纳西族亲属词概念结构与汉族亲属词概念结构具有明显差异,这与两个民族的家庭婚姻制度和文化有关,也与语言有关。     

Reliability of measures of work engagement and psychological well-being among South African state security forces

This study reports on the psychometric properties of measures of work engagement and psychological well-being in the South African state security forces. The research sample consisted of a combined sample of 178 soldiers and 57 police officers (34% females). They completed a battery of measures of work engagement and psychological well-being. Results following exploratory and reliability analysis suggest the scores from the measures to be reliable for research use with the South African security services.     

Structure sociale et cultures organisationnelles : une application du modèle des représentations sociales

The theme of organizational culture has been subject of many studies, which postulates are divergent. Consensual, shared and transmitted by the direction for some persons, they follow from the articulation of professional identities models for other persons. Social representation theory can allow us to understand that co-existence of consensual and specific elements, depending on the social structure of the organization. A questionnaire, developed after 24 semi-directive interviews, has been submitted to 95 employees of a large distribution company. Results show that organizational culture is a representation organized on six themes, socially elaborated on the interaction of groups situated in different positions. Consensual elements pass through the various groups, and some elements, more specifics, show the differences between these groups, depending on their strategic links.     

工作记忆对知觉类别学习的影响:问题与构想

人们学习将感知到的客体按照不同的标准或规则分类存储,即类别学习。而工作记忆作为多种认知加工的基础,对类别学习具有重要作用。基于已有研究,分别梳理了言语工作记忆和视空工作记忆对基于规则和信息整合类别结构的影响。目前,执行功能是否影响内隐类别学习系统、工作记忆负荷对内隐外显类别学习系统的影响是否一致还存在争议。此外,工作记忆影响知觉类别学习的认知加工阶段尚不清晰。未来的研究还需明确工作记忆负荷对内隐和外显类别学习的影响,进一步验证工作记忆影响类别学习的认知加工阶段假设的合理性。     

The assessment of knowledge and learning in competence spaces: The gain–loss model for dependent skills

The gain–loss model (GaLoM) is a formal model for assessing knowledge and learning. In its original formulation, the GaLoM assumes independence among the skills. Such an assumption is not reasonable in several domains, in which some preliminary knowledge is the foundation for other knowledge. This paper presents an extension of the GaLoM to the case in which the skills are not independent, and the dependence relation among them is described by a well‐graded competence space. The probability of mastering skill s at the pretest is conditional on the presence of all skills on which s depends. The probabilities of gaining or losing skill s when moving from pretest to posttest are conditional on the mastery of s at the pretest, and on the presence at the posttest of all skills on which s depends. Two formulations of the model are presented, in which the learning path is allowed to change from pretest to posttest or not. A simulation study shows that models based on the true competence space obtain a better fit than models based on false competence spaces, and are also characterized by a higher assessment accuracy. An empirical application shows that models based on pedagogically sound assumptions about the dependencies among the skills obtain a better fit than models assuming independence among the skills.     

The topography of the uncanny valley and individuals’ need for structure: A nonlinear mixed effects analysis

The uncanny valley hypothesis suggests that robots that closely resemble humans elicit feelings of eeriness. We focused on individual differences in the uncanny valley experience, which have been largely neglected to date. Using a mixed effects modelling approach, we tested whether individual differences in the need for structure predict uncanny valley sensitivity. Two experiments (Ns = 226 and 336) with morphed stimuli confirmed the uncanny valley effect. A moderator effect of need for structure was found in Experiment 2, which used a fine-grained manipulation of human likeness, but not in Experiment 1, which used a 3-step manipulation. The results provide tentative evidence that individuals who respond negatively to a lack of structure show a more pronounced (“deeper”) uncanny valley effect.     

对比焦点的认知加工及其与重读的关系

信息结构作为语言学的一个重要概念,在语言学、心理学和神经科学等领域进行了广泛的研究。其中,从焦点和背景这一维度对信息结构的研究最多。通常情况下,人们会重读焦点信息。本研究使用ERP技术,通过对话语篇考察了不同位置对比焦点和重读的一致性对口语语篇理解的影响。研究发现,对比焦点不受位置影响,稳定诱发中后部分布正波,且小句末尾焦点诱发的正效应早于小句内部。此外,重读相对于不重读在小句内部和末尾都诱发了正效应,并且出现在较晚的时间窗口。尽管焦点不重读相对于一致性重读没有诱发任何脑电效应,但背景重读相对背景不重读在小句末尾诱发了一个早期负效应。本研究表明,听者按照不同的方式、即时使用不同位置的对比焦点和重读信息建构语篇表征。     

New polytypes of long-period stacking ordered structures in a near-equilibrium Mg97Zn1Y2 alloy

By atomic-scale high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy, the long-period stacking ordered (LPSO) structures in a near-equilibrium Mg₉₇Zn₁Y₂ (at.%) alloy have been characterised. In addition to 18R and 14H, new polytypes of LPSO structures are analysed and determined as 60R, 78R, 26H, 96R, 38H, 40H, 108H and 246R. All of these LPSO structures feature AB′C′A building blocks with two Mg layers and three Mg layers sandwiched between them. The Bravais lattices and space groups of new polytypes of LPSO structures were easily determined via the newly introduced method. A structural relationship between the LPSOs is proposed.