简单与复杂物理问题解决及状态元认知

本研究采用认知作业分析及问卷法,研究了中学生简单与复杂物理问题解决的表征机制及状态元认知结构。结果显示：(1)物理问题解决是对问题的表征状态不断转换的过程,其受认知主体信息的提取、转换、整合能力及状态元认知的影响;(2)中学生物理问题解决中的状态元认知主要由他的自我效能感、自我监测、策略系统三种成分构成;(3)复杂问题解决的关链是正确提取范畴性知识以形成对问题的深层表征。     

表面内容不同方面相似性对样例迁移的影响

应用题表面内容分离为表面概貌和对象对应后,还可以进行再分解。本实验将表面概貌分解为具体属性和问题形式,将对象对应分解表述顺序对应和具体对象对应,研究结果表明,表面内容不同方面的相似性对原理运用有不同的影响。     

基于灰色统计的心理评定量表研究述略

本文提出运用灰色统计对心理评定量表进行分析处理的方法。灰色系统的理论和方法能够处理信息不完全的数据,很适合运用于心理学研究的数据分析。文章在介绍该方法的同时,还以问题解决能力评定量表的测量数据为例,进行了灰色统计实例分析。     

SARS流行时期天津高校师生的心理和行为反应

本研究从天津市五所高校中选取336名大学生和44名教师,对他们在SARS流行时期对SARS的危险性认知、恐惧心理、行为特征以及他们对与SARS相关的事件的态度进行评估。结果发现:(1)大多数师生具有正常的行为方式和心理状态;(2)少数高校师生表现出一定的恐惧和忧虑。最后,根据本次研究结果作者提出了一些针对性建议。     

小学儿童欺负行为与个性特点和心理问题倾向的关系

本研究采用问卷的方式测量了儿童欺负行为与个性及心理问题倾向之间的关系。结果表明：欺负组被试在个性特征上以高精神质和相对外倾型为典型特征;受害组被试以高神经质和内倾型为典型特征。在心理问题倾向上欺负组被试更多地表现出冲动倾向、学习问题和师生关系紧张等问题倾向;受害组被试更多地表现出孤独倾向、缺乏自信、学习问题和同伴关系紧张等问题。     

大学生心理压力感基本特点的调查研究

本研究采用自编的大学生心理压力感问卷对全国 1 3所大学共 2 0 0 7名大学生的心理压力感状况进行了调查研究。结果表明 :(1 )在大学生群体中心理压力感的主要来源依次有学业压力、学校环境压力、情绪压力、择业压力和人际压力 ,大都是社会环境方面的原因 ;(2 )从大学生心理压力感的年级发展趋势看 ,二、三年级的大学生在各方面的压力感均高于一、四年级 ;(3 )女生在择业和学业压力感方面高于男生 ,男生在家庭、恋爱、身体健康、适应和挫折方面的压力感高于女生 ;(4)来自乡村的大学生在家庭、择业和学校环境方面的压力感高于来自城市的大学生 ;(5)在家庭、择业、学校环境和学业压力感方面非独生子女高于独生子女     

Does Psychological Empowerment Mediate the Relationship Between Psychological Climate and Job Satisfaction?

This study tested a model in which empowerment was hypothesised to mediate the relationship between psychological climate and job satisfaction. Individual levels of negative affectivity were controlled for. The sample consisted of 174 customer service employees (59% female and 39% male). Support was found for a model in which empowerment mediated the relationship between climate and job satisfaction, the dimensions of meaning and competence were largely responsible for the mediating effects of empowerment. Theoretical and practical implications of the findings were explored.     

系统科学原理是心理病因研究的方法论基础--科学审视当代心理治疗理论的缺陷

各种心理治疗理论与当代神经科学和遗传学存在不一致和冲突,三大心理治疗流派存在盲人摸象式缺陷.近些年专业领域心理病因的探索,似乎也是只见树木,不见森林.应用系统科学原理,使其成为心理病因研究的方法论基础.     

Adolescent Fathers Who Are Incarcerated Juvenile Offenders: Explanatory Study of the Co-Occurrence of Two Problem Behaviors

We identify explanatory risk variables associated with the co-occurrence of two problem behaviors: juvenile offending and adolescent fatherhood. Data were gathered from a 5-year prospective, longitudinal study of 531 incarcerated juvenile offenders as they transitioned from youth correction facilities back into the community. Of the total sample, 125 (28.3%) of the male participants reported fatherhood before their 20th birthday. Six risk variables were predictive of adolescent fatherhood in this sample: (a) gang member, (b) resided with non-biological parent as primary caretaker, (c) low SES, (d) child of parent with alcoholism, (e) low mother education, and (f) family member convicted of a felony. These variables were then placed in individual, family, and social domains. Cumulative probabilities identified family related variables as the primary domain contributing to the predictive multivariate model. These results provide support for the development of prevention and interventions strategies focused across multiple ecological contexts, focusing specifically on the family unit.     

Nonadherence in Adolescent Oncology Patients: Preliminary Data on Psychological Risk Factors and Relationships to Outcome

Published nonadherence rates in the adolescent oncology population range from 33 to 60% though little is known about the psychological factors that contribute to adherence and the relationship between outcome and nonadherence. Our study was designed to investigate psychological and family factors related to adherence and the relationship between adherence and survival in this population. We evaluated 44 (27 males, 17 females) patients with cancer (13–17 years) who were at least 6-months postdiagnosis. Adherence with trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMX) was determined at one point in time, using serum assay. Twelve of the patients (27%) had no detectable TMP/SMX. Patients without detectable drug had higher levels of depression, lower self-esteem, and higher levels of parent–child incongruence. Survival rates, 6 years after the initiation of the study, were lower in the group of participants categorized as nonadherent. These findings, if confirmed, have implications for the management of nonadherence and mood in this population.