Developing Effective Prevention Services for the Real World: A Prevention Service Development Model

A Prevention Service Development Model (PSDM) is presented as an approach to develop prevention programs that are both effective and that are readily adopted for implementation in community settings. The model is an integration of concepts and methods from two fields, prevention research and marketing research as applied to new service development. Questions that are posed at each stage of the PSDM are described. Studies from the development of two preventive interventions are presented to illustrate research at several of the stages of the model.     

Genetic Counseling Outcomes: Perceived Risk and Distress After Counseling for Hereditary Colorectal Cancer

Genetic counseling may turn risk information into cancer prevention behavior by modifying health beliefs and cancer-related distress. We assessed the effect of genetic counseling on these factors in 101 adult first-degree-relatives of colorectal cancer patients from families with known or suspected hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer. Before counseling and once afterward, subjects completed self-report measures of perceived lifetime risk and cancer-distress. Most persons overestimated their cancer risk, and higher perceived risk was associated with believing that colorectal cancer cannot be prevented. Individual perceived risk changed after counseling, although mean perceived risk was unchanged. After adjusting for baseline risk, older persons and those with higher estimated objective cancer risk had larger postcounseling decreases. Distress after counseling was positively correlated with baseline distress and anxiety symptoms, and inversely correlated with tolerance for ambiguity. The findings suggest counseling interventions that should increase the likelihood of screening and offer hypotheses for future research.     

Unpacking psychological inequalities in organisations: Psychological capital reconsidered

In this paper, we argue that psychological capital is unequally distributed among people from different social classes, ethnic backgrounds and genders. Confronting the limitations of the current, individualistic perspective on psychological capital, we offer a re-conceptualisation of the construct from a critical, interdisciplinary perspective, placing it at the intersection of sociology and psychology. We discuss the various mechanisms through which social inequalities may cause differential access to psychological capital for members of low- and high-status social groups and show how this differential access to psychological capital results in and exacerbates social inequalities. By doing this, we postulate a recursive theory on psychological capital that both recognises the formative effect of socio-organisational structures on one's psychology and vice versa.     

交互自然性的心理结构及其影响

本文通过3个研究探究了交互自然性的心理结构及其影响。研究1通过开展字典检索, 文献回顾和专家访谈, 得到了包含有9个条目的初始量表。研究2问卷调查了353名智能网联汽车用户, 探索性因素分析发现了两因素结构 (“通达舒畅”和“随景应人”)。后续分析表明这两个因素对满意度等关键效标有显著独特的预测作用。研究3使用新样本(n = 349) 验证了双因素模型的稳定性, 还发现这两个交互自然性体验维度对推荐意愿、忠诚感等重要变量也有显著预测作用, 此外还发现, 通达舒畅更多受到基本驾驶辅助系统等功能的影响, 而随景应人更多受到交互和智能相关功能的影响。本文进一步讨论了该量表如何用于未来的人机交互研究。     

Childhood psychological maltreatment,sense of self,and PTSD symptoms in emerging adulthood

This study outlines the relationships among childhood psychological maltreatment (CPM), an understudied form of maltreatment, sense of self (SOS), a developmental construct negatively impacted by trauma, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in emerging adults. Results from regression analysis on a sample of emerging adults (N = 358) indicated CPM to be the greatest predictor of a weaker SOS, even when considered alongside other types of child maltreatment. Among those exposed to CPM, SOS was a significant predictor of PTSD symptoms, explaining 34.1% of the variance in the outcome. Counseling interventions that focus on SOS during emerging adulthood are recommended as one important consideration for survivors of CPM who experience PTSD symptoms. Specific counseling practice and research implications are included.     

The experience of psychological therapies for people with multiple sclerosis: A mixed-methods study towards a patient-centred approach to exploring processes of change

Psychological therapies are effective for managing multiple sclerosis (MS) symptoms such as depression, pain and fatigue. Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), mindfulness and other theory-led approaches have been applied and were found to have moderate effects. The present study adopts a patient-led approach to investigate people with MS' (PwMS) experiences of psychological therapies and the change processes they identify. In this naturalistic, mixed-methods design, semistructured interviews were conducted and three questionnaires were administered to 20 PwMS at two different times. Qualitative data collection and analysis followed the interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) guidelines, and quantitative data were analysed using paired t tests. Four superordinate themes described the participants' experiences of change as related to their psychological therapy: from despair to relief; from feeling their body as alien to becoming acquainted with an unpredictable new body; from helplessness to empowerment; and from punishment to forgiveness. Quantitative results showed that physical function and general health perception improved, and anxiety was significantly reduced. Despite seeking help from diverse psychological therapy modalities, the analysis revealed common themes that the participants found significant in their therapy stories. Following a patient-centred approach, the development of psychological therapies for PwMS should focus on their relationships, everyday lives, body perception, losses, shame and guilt. PwMS also need to be understood and acknowledged beyond their condition.     

心理脱离对工作投入的影响：促进还是抑制?

心理脱离是指非工作时间内个体在时空和心理两个层面均从工作中脱离出来, 不被工作相关问题所干扰, 并停止对工作的思考。主流研究认为心理脱离对工作投入具有正向影响, 但也有研究发现两者为负向关系。不同研究结果的矛盾是由于未区分心理脱离状态和心理脱离行为、下班时间和工作间歇心理脱离, 或是由于心理脱离程度差异造成, 或是两者间存在方向相反的作用机制, 或受其他变量的调节?目前的研究尚未给出一个整合的解释。因此, 本研究提出应区分心理脱离行为和心理脱离状态, 先综合采用质性与定量分析检验各自的内涵, 在此基础上依据工作要求?资源模型(Job Demands-Resources Model, 简称JD-R模型)构建一个综合模型, 采用经验取样法和情景实验法, 分别考察下班时间和工作间歇中的心理脱离行为和心理脱离状态对工作投入的影响及机制, 并考察任务紧急性和职业使命感等任务和个体特征的调节作用。预期对以往的矛盾结论给予一个整合的理论解释, 并提出相关的心理脱离管理对策, 以提升员工心理脱离状态, 从而促进其工作投入。     

包容型氛围感知对员工建言的影响：心理安全感与惰性感知的双重路径

基于社会信息加工理论视角,通过对816名员工与其直接上级进行两时间点配对取样,探讨包容型氛围感知对员工建言的影响,以及心理安全感与惰性感知在两者关系中的作用机制。研究结果表明：员工包容型氛围感知对其建言行为起到促进作用,并通过心理安全感与惰性感知间接影响建言行为。研究结果不仅从理论上丰富与拓展了包容型氛围的效应研究,同时对实务界管理员工建言有一定的实践启示。     

善良人格与道德需要满足的关系：交叉滞后研究

道德需要被认为是独立于自主、胜任和关系需要（ACR）的基本心理需要,通过对两个时间段的纵向数据分析（N = 1,187）,使用交叉滞后模型,研究探讨了善良人格与道德需要满足之间的关系。结果发现,善良人格与道德需要满足存在一定程度的跨时间稳定性;在控制了ACR和人口学信息后,善良人格与道德需要满足存在双向预测关系。研究在中国文化下为道德需要的存在提供了证据,扩展了基本心理需要相关理论,并为道德教育和人格培养提供理论依据。