Modeling the bullying prevention program design recommendations of students from grades five to eight: a discrete choice conjoint experiment

We used a discrete choice conjoint experiment to model the bullying prevention recommendations of 845 students from grades 5 to 8 (aged 9-14). Students made choices between experimentally varied combinations of 14 four-level prevention program attributes. Latent class analysis yielded three segments. The high impact segment (27.1%) recommended uniforms, mandatory recess activities, four playground supervisors, surveillance cameras, and 4-day suspensions when students bully. The moderate impact segment (49.5%) recommended discretionary uniforms and recess activities, four playground supervisors, and 3-day suspensions. Involvement as a bully or bully-victim was associated with membership in a low impact segment (23.4%) that rejected uniforms and surveillance cameras. They recommended fewer anti-bullying activities, discretionary recess activities, fewer playground supervisors, and the 2-day suspensions. Simulations predicted most students would recommend a program maximizing student involvement combining prevention with moderate consequences. The simulated introduction of mandatory uniforms, surveillance cameras, and long suspensions reduced overall support for a comprehensive program, particularly among students involved as bullies or bully-victims.     

My life is a longing: Child abuse and its adult sequelae Results of the Brody longitudinal study from birth to age 30

The psychoanalytically oriented Brody longitudinal study has followed the psychological development of 76 individuals from birth to age 30. Ten suffered severe maltreatment in childhood in the form of rejection and/or physical abuse at the hands of one or both parents. This report describes the effects of child abuse on the emerging personalities of the children, as well as on their adult personalities and mental health. Specifi cally, as adults the maltreated children had signifi cantly more psychiatric illness (typically depressions and anxiety disorders), less mature psychological defense mechanisms, more insecure mental representations of attachment to their parents as indicated by the adult attachment interview, and a lower Global Assessment of Functioning than their well-treated counterparts. Additionally, their prevailing moods were joyless. Case examples show the emergence of symptoms, personality disorders, and defenses over time, as well as the workings of ameliorating infl uences. Several of the maltreated children made relatively successful adaptations as adults, indicating children's potential for resilience. Resilience, however, may be a superfi cial concept, for, in this series of cases, seemingly adequate coping in formerly mistreated children always came at the price of emotional vulnerability and compromised potential.     

接受不同术式的直肠癌患者的心理评估比较

对在吉林大学第一医院接受186例直肠癌手术患者进行术前及术后的心理评估。术前第一天和术后第七天分别用汉密顿抑郁量表(HRSD)对病人进行心理评估,接受腹会阴联合根治术(Miles手术)的患者术前有明显抑郁情绪,而术后无缓解,接受经腹直肠癌根治术(Dixon手术)的患者术前有一定抑郁情绪,术后明显缓解。单纯结肠造口患者术前抑郁情绪较重,术后加重。     

复杂性视野下的内环境和内环境稳态

研究和总结了复杂系统的基本特征,从复杂性的角度讨论了内环境作为动态非线性系统存在具有的诸种性质和正反馈在维持、调节内环境稳定中的作用,指出现阶段需要重新认识内环境和内环境稳态的生理学机制。     

心理因素和慢性前列腺炎关系的思考

慢性前列腺炎患者大多伴有不同程度的心理障碍,应重视患者的心理状态和精神活动,改善患者的生存质量。对这些患者,单纯的药物治疗,效果往往不佳,辅以相应的心理认知疗法,可以明显提高治愈率。经过心理治疗的患者复发率低,并对其周围的慢性前列腺炎患者有良好的诱导和表率作用,具有一定的临床和社会意义。     

心理咨询与治疗中的领悟

不管哪种心理咨询和治疗流派,其最终目的都是促进来访者领悟,而领悟能不能出现,是治疗成功与否的关键。心理咨询师应该为了领悟的出现,作好充分的准备,促进领悟的出现,巩固领悟的成果,取得心理治疗的圆满成功。     

Freud was Right… About the Origins of Abnormal Behavior

Freud's psychodynamic theory is predominantly based on case histories of patients who displayed abnormal behavior. From a scientific point of view, Freud's analyses of these cases are unacceptable because the key concepts of his theory cannot be tested empirically. However, in one respect, Freud was totally right: most forms of abnormal behavior originate in childhood. In this paper various factors are discussed that play a role in the etiology of abnormal behavior in children and adolescents. Furthermore, problems are signaled that hinder effective interventions for disordered youths.     

Risk and Resistance Factors for Psychological Distress in Icelandic Parents of Chronically Ill Children: An Application of Wallander and Varni’s Disability-Stress-Coping Model

The purpose of the study was to investigate Wallander and Varni’s (1998) disability-stress coping model in a sample of 105 Icelandic parents of chronically ill children. The Revised Adult Attachment Scale (RAAS), the Attributional Scale (AS), the Defence Style Questionnaire (DSQ), the Sense of Coherence Scale (SOC), the World Assumption scale (WAS), The Coping Style Questionnaire (CSQ), The Impact on Family scale (IFS), the Trauma Symptom Checklist (TSC), and the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ), were completed by the parents of children with various diseases. Despite the heterogeneity of the sample in terms of disease type, PTSD was present in 13.2% of the parents and an additional 28.6% had subclinical PTSD. Emotional coping, extent of daily care, time since diagnosis, and changes in employment due to the disease explained 71% of the variance in HTQ total score.     

现代城市灾难结构与心理反应特点

城市灾难在给现代城市带来巨大破坏和影响的同时,对人们心理的冲击也是巨大的。本文分析了现代城市灾难的结构、阶段以及与之相对应的群体心理特征,以近年来国内外发生的城市危机案例为佐证,说明了心理干预在灾难应对中的重要作用,并提出3点启示:(1)政府部门要建立一套权威信息预警、发布机制;(2)增强民众素质,减少盲目从众心理;(3)重视社会力量在心理干预中的作用。     

儿童对有关心理特质的自我报告信息的评价

本研究通过对63名儿童的访谈来调查儿童对他人有关心理特质的自我报告信息的评价。研究发现,10、11岁儿童比6、7岁儿童对高评价性特质“诚实”、“聪明”、“善良”、“友善”自我报告的信息抱有更大的怀疑;但是在中性特质“忧虑”、“喜欢热闹”、“喜欢红色”、“喜欢咸食”上没有显著差异。结果表明,把自我报告作为有关高评价性特质的信息来源时,高年龄组比低年龄组表现出更大的怀疑,而且这种变化是与儿童自我表现能力的提高有关。