我国民族心理学研究的困境及出路

文章对我国民族心理学研究面临的困境进行了阐述,指出要成功走出目前的困境,在今后的研究中应融合多元方法,加强民族心理学研究中质与量的整合;加强民族心理学的理论建设;促进相邻学科的对话与合作,注重对综合性民族心理研究人才的培养;同时还要立足于我国民族的实际情况,加强对现实问题的研究,增强民族心理学研究的价值。     

Psychoendocrine and physical performance responses in male Tunisian rugby players during an international competitive season

The aim was to investigate a follow-up study based on hormonal, physical, and psychological parameters among rugby players who trained during a whole season interspersed with competitions on an international level. Fitness or reciprocally tiredness as well as competitive anxiety were evaluated, respectively, using the French Society for Sports Medicine (SFMS) and the sport competition anxiety test (SCAT) questionnaires. In this study, SFMS and SCAT scores increased respectively over the competitive season. The SFMS score revealed a state of relative tiredness at the end of the season, highlighted by a slight decrement in physical performances. The SCAT score changes are related to the competition context and therefore increased accordingly to the importance of the competition stake. We analyzed the corticotrope and the gonadotrope axis before (T(1)), and at the end of the national and international rugby season (T(2)). Training did not affect the resting salivary cortisol (Csal) levels, but induced a decrease in resting testosterone (Tsal) values, resulting in a dropped T/C ratio. Competition, in both periods (T(1)-T(2)), provoked a significant increase in Csal levels, but the Tsal responses depended on the match stake. Their concentrations increased when the competition generated an important stress and decreased when the psychological conditions remained relatively stable. SFMS is preferentially correlated with resting Csal levels and T/C values measured at 08:00 hr but not with Tsal. SCAT is highly correlated with competitive Csal and Tsal concentrations measured before and after the matches.     

More Than Weighting Cognitive Importance: A Dual-Process Model of Issue Framing Effects

Issue frames in policy discourse and news reporting regularly influence citizens' political opinions. Yet, we only have a limited understanding of how and among whom these framing effects occur. I propose a dual-process model of issue framing effects arguing that we must understand mediators of framing (the how question) in connection with individual-level moderators of framing (the whom question). Experimental results show that issue framing affects opinion through different psychological processes depending on who the receiver of the frame is. Among the moderately politically aware or those having weak political values, framing effects were mediated through processes of changing importance of considerations as well as changing content of considerations. Among the highly aware, only the importance change process mediated framing effects, while there were no framing effects among those least aware or those having strong values.     

The silent voices of research: What can we do to help them speak?1

The authors challenge the legitimacy of making commissioning decisions based solely upon the current outcome research for the psychological treatments. They argue that this outcome data does not represent the treatment needs of the patient who fails to complete a therapy. They call for a shift in the focus of research in order to right this oversight.     

自我觉知的适应、不适应性及其在心理疗法中的作用

自我觉知是当注意力指向个体自身时对自己所产生的内部主观状态,根据其指向及程度可以有多种分类方法。自我觉知在心理过程中既有适应性,如促进自我了解、对他人的理解、提高自尊等;但过度的自我觉知会对心理产生不良影响,诸多研究对其与抑郁和焦虑的关系进行了论证。很多心理疗法中都涉及到自我觉知对心理状况的影响,包括格式塔疗法、来访者中心疗法、森田疗法等等。如何保持适度的自我觉知以促进心理健康是需要进一步研究的。     

道德心理许可研究述评

道德心理许可是指既往的道德行为让人觉得可以表达或做出可能会损害自己道德名誉的态度或行为。给予许可与被许可行为既可属于相同领域, 也可属于不同领域, 甚至观察者有时也会给予行为者以道德心理许可。道德信誉和道德证书是产生道德心理许可的两条独立路径。重要的个人认同和避免虚伪这两个因素可能阻碍许可的发生。未来还需要厘清自我许可与他人许可之间的关系, 验证道德信誉和道德证书模型的一些基本假设, 探讨道德心理许可的积极效应。     

正念的心理和脑机制

正念是源于东方禅修的一种有意识、非评判的对当前状态进行注意的方法, 也是一种意识状态或心理过程。其早期研究侧重于各种身心疾病的治疗和康复等临床功效, 近年来其研究重点逐渐转向各种作用机制。在心理机制上, 正念与感知觉敏感性的变化, 注意、记忆和情绪的改善有关。在脑机制上, 它不仅与额区θ波和枕区γ波以及事件相关电位P300成分的变化有关还与前额叶、扣带回、脑岛等脑区功能激活和结构改变有关。最后, 文章指出了目前正念研究在内容和方法学上的不足以及未来研究的方向。     

异性交友决策任务上为不同心理距离他人决策的风险偏好

使用中国文化背景下修订的Beisswanger等人的异性交友决策问卷, 采用2种方法操纵自我-他人心理距离, 考察了男女大学生在后果严重性不同的异性交友决策任务上为不同心理距离他人决策风险偏好的差异。实验1发现, 被试为具体和笼统他人决策时的风险偏好无显著差异, 在后果不严重任务上比后果严重任务上更冒险, 男性比女性更冒险。心理距离与决策者性别的交互作用显著：男性为具体他人决策更冒险, 而女性为笼统他人决策更冒险。实验2发现, 被试为不相似他人比为相似他人决策更冒险, 在后果不严重任务上比在后果严重任务上更冒险, 男性比女性更冒险。后果严重性与决策者性别交互作用显著：男性在后果严重和不严重任务上的风险偏好无显著差异, 而女性在后果不严重任务上比后果严重任务上更冒险。综合两个实验的结果, 可以得出以下结论：相对于具体和笼统他人的区分而言, 相似和不相似他人的区分是一种更加稳定和有效的区分自我-他人心理距离的方法。结合相关研究及理论对结果进行了讨论。     

亲子沟通与农村青少年幸福感的关系：基本心理需要满足的中介作用

采用亲子沟通量表、基本心理需要满足量表和牛津幸福感问卷对广西四所农村中小学的1164名学生进行测量。结果表明：（1）农村青少年的基本心理需要满足、幸福感在不同性别、年级和SES上没有显著差异,但亲子沟通存在年级和性别交互作用差异,即五年级和初一女生与父亲的沟通质量显著高于初二女生,对男生而言则此差异不显著;（2）农村青少年的父子沟通、母子沟通与自主、胜任和关系三大基本心理需要满足及其幸福感均呈显著正相关;（3）亲子沟通不仅对农村青少年幸福感有直接预测作用,而且还会通过自主、胜任和关系三种基本心理需要满足的中介对农村青少年幸福感产生间接作用,其中关系需要满足的中介效应最大。     

汉语动宾结构惯用语加工的基本单元：来自词切分的证据

采用词切分范式研究汉语动宾结构惯用语的理解机制, 探讨在惯用语理解中加工的基本单元, 揭示汉语动宾结构惯用语的表征方式。研究发现, 词切分范式对语义分解性不同的惯用语有不同的影响。在空格切分的形式下, 语素切分和非语素切分抑制了对语义高分解的动宾结构惯用语的通达, 却未影响对语义低分解的动宾结构惯用语的理解; 语素切分、非语素切分和空格切分均增加了对语义高分解的惯用语的错误率。在阴影切分的形式下, 非语素切分抑制了对语义高分解的动宾结构惯用语的加工, 同样未影响对语义低分解的惯用语的理解。整个研究表明, 在汉语动宾结构惯用语的表征中, 既存在着语素单元, 也存在着整语单元, 但整语是汉语动宾结构惯用语加工的优势单元。