A BRIEF COMPONENT ANALYSIS OF POTENTIAL TREATMENT PACKAGES IN AN OUTPATIENT CLINIC SETTING WITH YOUNG CHILDREN

The purpose of this study was to develop outpatient clinic assessments that allowed us to assess multiple treatment variables, produce relatively quick effects, and isolate active treatment components. Assessment began by evaluating a treatment package consisting of antecedent and consequence variables followed by a component analysis to determine the separate effects of the treatment variables. Three examples of the findings are presented.     

前瞻性记忆的生理基础

中国科学院心理研究所,北京 100101     

前瞻记忆提取的自动加工、策略加工和控制加工

引入“准意识”来描述一种不能通达意识但又需要注意资源的状态,基于意识性的控制加工、准意识性的策略加工和无意识性的自动加工提出了前瞻记忆提取的三加工自动激活模型。     

Peer victimization and social anxiety in adolescence: a prospective study

This study reports a one‐year prospective investigation of the relations between overt and relational victimization and social anxiety and phobia in a sample of adolescents. The Social Experience Questionnaire—Self Report Form (SEQ‐S), Social Anxiety Scale for Adolescents (SAS‐A), and Social Phobia and Anxiety Inventory for Children (SPAI‐C) were administered to 144 ninth grade adolescents. A follow‐up assessment with the SEQ‐S, SAS‐A, and SPAI‐C was conducted one year later. Results indicated that relational victimization predicted symptoms of social phobia but not general social anxiety and avoidance one year later. Overt victimization was not a significant predictor of social anxiety and phobia one year later. Social anxiety and phobia did not predict peer victimization one year later. However, increases in social anxiety and social phobia symptoms (for boys) over time were positively associated with increases in relational victimization over time. Implications of these findings for peer victimization and social anxiety in the development of social phobia and negative peer experiences are discussed. Aggr. Behav. 00:1–16, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

时间性前瞻记忆的练习效应及其人格差异

实验1和实验2分别探究在低难度和高难度进行中任务条件下是否存在TBPM的练习效应及其人格差异,结果发现无论在何种情况下,实验组的前瞻记忆成绩均显著高于控制组,说明TBPM的练习效应稳定存在;A-B型人格类型与组别交互作用均不显著,说明A型和B型人格在TBPM的练习效应上没有差异;实验组在总的时间监控次数和后期时间监控次数上均高于控制组,时间差均低于控制组,说明练习通过提高时间监控有效性和总的注意投入量来提高前瞻记忆成绩。     

分散注意条件下间隔对小学生前瞻记忆影响的实验研究

本实验研究在分散注意条件下,含有靶线索活动出现延迟问隔对前瞻记忆的影响。实验采用视觉与听觉分散注意的实验材料,嵌入前赡记忆任务进行研究。实验结果表明：(1)间隔在0—1分钟时,前瞻记忆对进行中任务稍有影响,但不显著;(2)间隔降低前瞻记忆任务成绩;(3)前瞻记忆任务成绩在0-1分钟呈快速遗忘趋势,3分钟后出现平台期。     

任务中断对幼儿前瞻记忆的影响

本研究采用实验方法研究了年龄及当前进行任务中不同位置的中断对幼儿前瞻记忆的影响。结果发现：(1)年龄对幼儿前瞻记忆成绩有显著影响;(2)在1／4中断和无中断条件下,幼儿的前瞻记忆成绩较好,在1／2中断和3／4中断条件下．幼儿前瞻记忆成绩较差。     

Newton Algorithms for Analytic Rotation: an Implicit Function Approach

In this paper implicit function-based parameterizations for orthogonal and oblique rotation matrices are proposed. The parameterizations are used to construct Newton algorithms for minimizing differentiable rotation criteria applied to m factors and p variables. The speed of the new algorithms is compared to that of existing algorithms and to that of Newton algorithms based on alternative parameterizations. Several rotation criteria were examined and the algorithms were evaluated over a range of values for m. Initial guesses for Newton algorithms were improved by subconvergence iterations of the gradient projection algorithm. Simulation results suggest that no one algorithm is fastest for minimizing all criteria for all values of m. Among competing algorithms, the gradient projection algorithm alone was faster than the implicit function algorithm for minimizing a quartic criterion over oblique rotation matrices when m is large. In all other conditions, however, the implicit function algorithms were competitive with or faster than the fastest existing algorithms. The new algorithms showed the greatest advantage over other algorithms when minimizing a nonquartic component loss criterion.     

不同认知方式中小学生的前瞻记忆的研究

以反义词—非反义词判断为进行中任务,探讨了小学、初中和高中的场独立、场依存型各60名学生的前瞻记忆完成情况。结果表明,场独立学生的前瞻记忆成绩明显好于场依存者;小学、初中、高中各年龄组学生的前瞻记忆成绩无明显差异;基于事件的前瞻记忆成绩明显好于基于时间的前瞻记忆。     

负性情绪刺激是否总是优先得到加工: ERP研究

文献广泛报道负性情绪刺激在心理加工上占据优势地位, 而也有相当多的研究并未发现正、负性刺激在加工上的差异。不同实验中注意资源量的不同可能是造成这种分歧的原因。有研究提示, 在注意资源十分匮乏时, 机体无法区别对待正性和负性刺激, 那么在注意资源充足的情况下, 负性刺激是否一定优先得到加工？当前研究以正性、中性和负性情绪图片为刺激材料, 运用线索化范式操纵注意资源, 比较不同注意条件下各情绪刺激引起的ERP波幅的差别。结果发现, 有效提示条件下的反应正确率高于无效提示下的情况, P1、N1、P2和N2成分的波幅也在两个注意水平间出现差异, 当注意资源相对充足时, 正性与负性刺激引起的LPC波幅无显著差异, 而当注意资源相对短缺时, 负性条件引起较大的LPC波幅。这一研究表明, 情绪加工受到注意因素调节, 负性刺激在资源紧张时可以得到优先加工, 而当资源充足时, 机体可以调节资源分配而使正性刺激也得到充分加工。