中小学生人际信任、成就动机及其与合作倾向的关系研究

目的：旨在揭示中小学儿童的人际信任、成就动机水平及其与合作倾向之间的关系。方法：运用马基量表、人际信任量表、成就动机量表和合作倾向评价表对553名3-8年级学生进行测查。结果：1,初中男女生在人际信任水平上出现明显分化。2,男生追求成功的动机和避免失败的动机随年龄增长出现下降趋势,女生追求成功的动机下降,避免失败的动机上升。3,追求成功的动机与合作倾向有显著正相关。结论：与人际信任水平相比,成就动机在儿童合作倾向的评价中发挥了更大的作用。     

Paving the road to war with group membership, appraisal antecedents, and anger

This study uses appraisal theory, functionalist approach to emotions, and recent theory on group emotions as a basic framework to model the genesis of supporting military action. During the year after the events of 9/11, 588 college students participated in a series of four studies that assessed religious affiliation, appraisal antecedents, anger response to viewing photographs of the 9/11 attack, and support for military action. Structural equation modeling demonstrated that the relation between support for the war and attitudes toward terrorism and relevance could be explained adequately by a model in which anger mediated the effects of attitudes and relevance on support. Attitudes toward terrorism were further identified as mediators that could explain the group effect by Christians. The result was not only generalizable across the conflict in Afghanistan and Iraq, but also in terms of how consent for war manifests itself--outright calls for bloodshed versus more subtle, politically loaded, posturing (e.g. entreaties to "support our troops").     

儿童在回答无意义问题时的反应倾向与年龄特征

研究设计了无意义问题来考察5、6、81、0岁共128名儿童在回答问题时的反应倾向。研究结果发现:(1)5~10岁儿童在回答无意义问题时,存在猜测答案的倾向,且受问题形式的影响。较开放问题,儿童在面对封闭问题时猜测答案的倾向更强烈。(2)在无意义的非比较问题上,随年龄的增长,儿童猜测答案的倾向更强烈。(3)5~10岁儿童回答封闭的非比较问题时存在否定反应倾向,但在封闭的比较问题上则不存在这种倾向。     

罗杰斯与老子的人性观比较研究

西方人本主义理论的代表人物罗杰斯与道家的创始人老子的理论对人性的观点有很多相似之处,这种相似的人性观主要表现在他们对人的基本动机的理解之上,这两个基本动机分别为实现倾向性和复归倾向性。该文通过比较这两种基本动机,探讨罗杰斯与老子的人性观的相似点与不同点。     

小学儿童社会创造性倾向的发展特点

对189名3-6年级小学儿童进行半结构的故事情境访谈,从独创性、适当性、有效性、流畅性、变通性、好奇性、挑战性和冒险性八个指数,考察了儿童在同伴交往、师生交往和亲子交往三种典型情境中的社会创造性倾向的发展。结果显示：（1）小学儿童的流畅性、变通性、好奇性、挑战性、冒险性与其实际的年龄呈显著正相关;（2）5、6年级儿童的流畅性和变通性显著地高于3年级,在三种情境中表现出类似特点,4年级前后可能是小学儿童社会创造性倾向发展的转折期。     

论先秦与古希腊神话的精神向度

神话是一种原始文化积淀,是各个民族在发轫时期的精神遗存,中国和希腊神话作为两个伟大民族文化的发源和民族意识的深沉积淀,表现出不同的神话精神特征。     

Does empathy predict adolescents' bullying and defending behavior?

Through structural equation modeling, this study tested a path of relations in which different levels of empathic responsiveness were posited to be differently associated to bullying and defending behavior. Three hundred and eighteen Italian adolescents (142 girls and 176 boys; mean age = 13.2 years) completed the Davis's Interpersonal Reactivity Index [Davis, 1983] for empathy and the Participant role scales [Salmivalli et al., 1996] for bullying and defending behavior. The results revealed that the model fitted the data adequately, but only in the case of boys. As hypothesized, low levels of empathic responsiveness were associated to students' involvement in bullying others. In contrast, empathy was positively associated with actively helping victimized schoolmates. However, the estimates algorithm did not reach convergence with girls' data. The current findings confirm and extend the literature on the relation between empathy, prosociality and aggressive behavior. Educational implications are also discussed.     

A classmate in distress: schoolchildren as bystanders and their reasons for how they act

Research has shown that bystanders more often fail to or are slower to help a victim in emergency when there are other bystanders than when there are not. The study presented in this paper is a qualitative case study with a focus on students’ own reasons why they do not help a classmate in emergency when there are other children witnessing the emergency situation in the real-life classroom case studied. Grounded theory methods were used to analyse the data. The individual conversations with the students indicated a variety of definitions of the specific distress situation when they recalled and talked about the classroom incident. During the process of the analysis seven concepts of definitions associated with passive or non-intervention bystander behaviour were constructed and grounded in the empirical material: trivialisation, dissociation, embarrassment association, busy working priority, compliance with a competitive norm, audience modelling, and responsibility transfer. Relations between these concepts of definitions were also analysed. However, this study is a first step and a first report from an ongoing study about school children as helper and bystander.     

后基因组时代的医学发展

1990年,美国正式启动“人类基因组计划”。随着这项工程成果的不断取得,人类即将进入利用、使用“人类基因组计划”成果的“后基因组时代”。在这个时代,基因芯片和基因工程技术将被广泛地使用在医学科学中,给医学科学的发展带来一场深刻的革命。同时医学科学也将面临着前所未有的冲突和抉择。充分认识这些问题,对寻求现实医学科学的发展途径具有重要的启示意义。     

共情与亲社会行为关系的元分析

本研究采用元分析的方法探讨共情与亲社会行为之间的关系以及影响二者关系的调节因素。通过文献检索, 共获得76项研究和77个独立效应量, 包含了20352名被试。异质性检验表明, 选择随机效应模型比较合适; 漏斗图和Egger’s检验结果显示, 本元分析不存在发表偏差; 主效应检验发现, 共情与亲社会行为呈显著正相关(r = 0.38, p < 0.001); 调节效应检验表明, 二者关系受被试年龄和共情测量工具类型的调节, 但不受文化背景的影响。