冲突情境中青少年的亲社会意图:预期重要他人观点的影响

青少年在特定情境下的亲社会意图受到重要他人的影响,而预期重要他人观点的影响更为明显。本研究借助假设的冲突情境,考查了327名青少年(男生146人,女生181人)对重要他人的观点的预期及其对亲社会意图的影响。结果发现,青少年的亲社会意图与其预期的重要他人观点的偏离程度随着情境的不同而发生变化,在"个人健康—他人健康"、"个人学业—他人学业"、"人际关系—诚实品质"三种冲突情境中,青少年的行为意图分别与预期的父母、教师、同伴的观点偏离度最小。预期重要他人观点对亲社会意图的影响受到青少年对相应观点认可度的调节,在高认可度水平上,预期重要他人观点正向预测亲社会意图;在低认可度水平上,上述预测作用并未显现。该结果表明不同重要他人对青少年的影响是相对独立的,且受到生活事件领域的制约。     

Peer networks and bullying in schools

This study looked at how the social constellations in school classes relate to bullying problems. Using peer-evaluation questionnaires, the peer networks of children with different participant roles (such as victim, bully, assistant of bully, reinforcer of bully, defender of victim, outsider) were explored. The subjects were 459 sixth-grade-children (218 girls, 241 boys), aged 11 to 12 years, in Finland. The main findings were: 1) Children who tended to behave in either similar or complementary participant roles in situations of bullying formed networks with each other. The individual child's behavior in bullying situations was strongly connected to how the members of his/her network behaved in such situations. 2) Bullies, assistants, and reinforcers belonged to larger networks than did defenders, outsiders and victims. 3) Children outside the networks were most often victims. It was concluded that behavior in bullying situations can be said to be one feature around which the peer networks in school classes are organized. Thus prevention, as well as intervention strategies against bullying should focus not only on individual children, but also on the wider social context of the class.     

农村留守初中生亲社会倾向特点及其与人格、家庭功能的关系

以四川省农村地区299名留守初中生与326名非留守初中生为调查对象,采用亲社会倾向量表、家庭功能评价量表、青少年小五人格问卷,考察留守初中生亲社会倾向特点及其与人格、家庭功能间的关系,结果发现:(1)留守初中生的亲社会倾向与非留守初中生相比不存在显著差异;(2)家庭功能的问题解决,人格的开放性、谨慎性都对留守初中生的亲社会倾向具有显著的预测作用,主要表现为问题解决能力越差亲社会的行为倾向越少,个体越具有开放性、谨慎性的人格特质就越容易表现出更多的亲社会倾向;(3)人格的开放性、宜人性、谨慎性在家庭功能与亲社会倾向中起完全中介的作用。     

Characteristics of affected third parties and cooperative behavior in social dilemmas

ABSTRACT

The studies described in this article explore the influence of an under-emphasized determinant of cooperative behavior in social dilemmas: affected third parties. Two experiments examined the effect of characteristics of third parties on individual cooperative behavior in social dilemmas, and identified mechanisms associated with these relationships. Study 1 demonstrated that third-party need affects individual cooperative behavior, and tested prosocial motivation and intra-group trust as mediators of this relationship. Study 2 provided further elaboration by demonstrating that individual cooperative behavior was reduced when a needy third party was low on reliability, and by showing that prosocial motivation and intra-group trust mediated this relationship. This research connects the literatures on individual cooperation in social dilemmas and relational job design, and demonstrates why third parties influence individuals’ cooperative behavior.     

儿童道德脱离的影响因素及其与社会行为的关系

问卷调查了775名小学四、五、六年级儿童的移情和道德认同对于道德脱离的影响及道德脱离对其社会行为的作用。结果表明,儿童的移情和道德认同均对儿童的道德脱离有显著的负向影响;儿童的道德脱离对于攻击性行为具有显著的正向关系,与亲社会行为则是显著的负向关系。     

催产素对社会善念的提升作用

两个实验考察催产素对社会善念的作用以及面孔吸引力对二者关系的影响。实验1采用双盲实验，使用安慰剂作对照，发现催产素可以促进社会善念，不受面孔性别的影响。实验2依然采用双盲实验，进一步考察面孔吸引力与面孔性别对催产素与社会善念关系的作用，发现催产素对社会善念的作用不受面孔吸引力的影响；女性面孔（与男性面孔相比）吸引力对男性的社会善念影响更大。研究表明，催产素可以稳定地提高社会善念水平。     

大学生人际信任与主观幸福感的关系:亲社会行为与攻击行为的中介作用

为考察大学生的人际信任对主观幸福感的影响机制以及亲社会行为和攻击行为的中介作用,采用人际信任问卷、亲社会行为问卷、攻击行为问卷、幸福感指数问卷对2256名大学生进行调查。研究结果显示:(1)人际信任正向预测大学生的主观幸福感,人际信任水平越高,主观幸福感越好;(2)人际信任通过亲社会行为与攻击行为的中介作用,间接影响主观幸福感。