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231.
232.
Gerhard Schurz 《Journal for General Philosophy of Science》2001,32(1):65-107
Normic Laws and the Significance of Nonmonotonic Reasoning for Philosophy of Science. Normic laws have the form ‘if A then normally B’. They have been discovered in the explanation debate, but were considered
as empirically vacuous (§1). I argue that the prototypical (or ideal) normality of normic laws implies statistical normality
(§2), whence normic laws have empirical content. In §3–4 I explain why reasoning from normic laws is nonmonotonic, and why
the understanding of the individual case is so important here. After sketching some foundations of nonmonotonic reasoning
as developed by AI-researchers (§5), Iargue that normic laws are also the best way to understand ceteris paribus laws (§6).
§7 deals with the difference between physical and non-physical disciplines and §9 with the difference between normicity and
approximation. In §8 it is shown how nonmonotonic reasoning provides a new understanding of the protection of theories against
falsification by auxiliary hypotheses. §10, finally, gives a system- and evolution-theoretical explanation of the deeper reason
for the omnipresence of normic laws in practice and science, and forthe connection between ideal and statistical normality.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
233.
对我国肝移植现状的系统化思考 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
阐述了我国肝移植的现状及新时期肝移植的新特点,用系统的观点分析了我国肝移植实施中存在的问题,提出了今后如何系统化发展我国肝移植事业的几点设想。 相似文献
234.
美国贝克斯特测谎系统在我国法庭科学中的应用 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
该文简介了美国贝克斯特测谎系统的基本原理及其在我国法院的首次应用情况。在我国这一系统不仅被用于刑事案件,也被用于民事案件,实践证明,测谎技术起到了其他手段所起不到的作用,成为法院办案过程有力的辅助工具和支持系统。为使本系统具有更高的效力和适合中国的国情,需要对贝克斯特测谎系统进行修订,该文也介绍了有关修订和检验的情况。 相似文献
235.
Christine Walrath Susan dosReis Richard Miech Qinghong Liao E. Wayne Holden Gary De Carolis Rolando Santiago Philip Leaf 《Journal of child and family studies》2001,10(3):385-397
We report one of the first multi-site investigations into referral source variation in functional impairment for children with serious emotional disturbance served in systems of care settings. Baseline data collected as part of the national evaluation for the Comprehensive Community Mental Health Services for Children and Their Families Program was used to assess the comparability of functional status for children referred from traditional mental health versus non-mental health agencies. Results indicate that children referred from child welfare and family groups have significantly lower levels of overall dysfunction than those referred from mental health, while children referred from school and juvenile justice agencies have comparable levels. Clinical and research implications are discussed. 相似文献
236.
Donald E. Arther 《Zygon》2001,36(2):261-267
Where do Paul Tillich's views of the relationship between religion and science fit in Ian Barbour's four classifications of conflict, independence, dialogue, and integration? At different levels of analysis, he fits in all of them. In concrete religions and sciences, some conflict is evident, but religion and science can be thought of as having parallel perspectives, languages, and objectives. Tillich's method of correlation itself is a form of dialogue. His theology of nature in “Life and the Spirit” (Part 4 of his Systematic Theology) fits the integration type. His strong “Two Types of Philosophy of Religion” (in Theology of Culture) is a latent natural theology. His system of the sciences is a form of synthesis, a type of integration. 相似文献
237.
卫生系统绩效评估及其思考—《2000年世界卫生报告》的启示与思索 总被引:11,自引:0,他引:11
任苒 《医学与哲学(人文社会医学版)》2001,22(4):19-22
世界卫生组织在《2000年世界卫生报告-卫生系统:改进绩效》中,对191个成员国的卫生系统绩效进行了评估和排序。介绍了这一评估的框架和主要结果;提出对卫生系统绩效评估的启示与思考,认为我国应反思卫生改革绩效并客观地作出评价,为在新世纪促进卫生系统更好地发展和调整卫生改革目标作出明智的选择。 相似文献
238.
239.
目前的亲子沟通研究存在测量工具缺乏理论依据、测量层次和内容混乱等问题.本研究在系统论思想的指导下提出亲子沟通的三层次模型,从元素、关系和系统三个层面考察亲子沟通状况,并以此模型为基础编制了相应测量工具.经过文献梳理、理论建构、工具编制等环节,逐步完善了模型和相应测量工具.以371名小学五、六年级儿童为被试,检验了亲子沟通量表的可靠性和有效性,并考察亲子沟通基本状况.结果表明,(1)亲子沟通量表的信、效度指标达到了心理测量学要求,能够用于相关实证研究中;(2)被试家庭中,父母的沟通能力优于儿童,母子沟通质量优于父子沟通,母亲的沟通地位比父亲高;(3)父母的倾听能力能有效预测亲子沟通质量,提高父子沟通质量是让父子和母子两种沟通更协调的主要途径. 相似文献
240.