脑死亡立法的若干法律问题探讨

因为关系到基本人权,脑死亡立法应当由全国人民代表大会立法通过。制定科学的脑死亡标准和严谨的脑死亡判定程序是保障其接近正义的必需。在脑死亡判定方面应充分地保障患者生命权、自主选择权,尊重患者以及家属的知情同意权,保障患者的基本权利是脑死亡立法的核心所在。器官移植不是脑死亡立法的理由。     

Sequent Calculi and Decision Procedures for Weak Modal Systems

We investigate sequent calculi for the weak modal (propositional) system reduced to the equivalence rule and extensions of it up to the full Kripke system containing monotonicity, conjunction and necessitation rules. The calculi have cut elimination and we concentrate on the inversion of rules to give in each case an effective procedure which for every sequent either furnishes a proof or a finite countermodel of it. Applications to the cardinality of countermodels, the inversion of rules and the derivability of Löb rules are given.     

关于高级内隐认知研究方法的一点浅见

本文对加工分离程序应用于高级内隐认知加工的可能性作了论证,并以内隐学习研究为例,进行了实验检验,证明其切实可行.     

再探外显学习指导语的作用

本研究采用加工分离程序,对外显学习指导语的作用重新加以探讨.结果发现在外显学习指导语条件下,被试的作业成绩虽然较差,但并非由于外显指导语干扰了被试对规则的掌握.事实上,外显指导语促进了被试对规则的掌握.以往有关研究之所以出现不一致的结果,是由于它们采用任务分离范式,未能有效分离外显与内隐加工,以及记忆等因素的影响.     

Self-deception and discrepancies in self-evaluation

Self-deception is an intricate psychological construct, grounded in relatively little empirical evidence as an individual difference variable. The present research offers a direct test of one of the central scales of self-deception—the Self-Deception Enhancement (SDE) scale—by comparing explicit and implicit self-evaluations. Using the Affect Misattribution Procedure (AMP), participants (N = 150) reported about their implicit self-evaluation. These ratings were compared to explicit self-reports about self-evaluation. Results showed that higher self-deception was associated with a larger discrepancy between explicit and implicit self-evaluations. Specifically, higher self-deception was associated with a more positive explicit self-evaluation but with a more negative implicit self-evaluation. These findings offer one of the first direct tests of the SDE, supporting its viability.     

Contrasting behavioral looking procedures: a case study on infant speech segmentation

This paper compared three different procedures common in infant speech perception research: a headturn preference procedure (HPP) and a central-fixation (CF) procedure with either automated eye-tracking (CF-ET) or manual coding (CF-M). In theory, such procedures all measure the same underlying speech perception and learning mechanisms and the choice between them should ideally be irrelevant in unveiling infant preference. However, the ManyBabies study (ManyBabies Consortium, 2019), a cross-laboratory collaboration on infants’ preference for child-directed speech, revealed that choice of procedure can modulate effect sizes. Here we examined whether procedure also modulates preference in paradigms that add a learning phase prior to test: a speech segmentation paradigm. Such paradigms are particularly important for studying the learning mechanisms infants can employ for language acquisition. We carried out the same familiarization-then-test experiment with the three different procedures (32 unique infants per procedure). Procedures were compared on various factors, such as overall effect, average looking time and drop-out rate. The key observations are that the HPP yielded a larger familiarity preference, but also reported larger drop-out rates. This raises questions about the generalizability of results. We argue that more collaborative research into different procedures in infant preference experiments is required in order to interpret the variation in infant preferences more accurately.     

大学生不同负性情绪中的情绪一致性效应

分别诱导被试在悲伤、愤怒、中性三种情绪下对相应的三种词语进行学习再认,采用学习再认的实验程序,以再认正确率和反应时作为指标,运用信号检测论进行分析,主要考察情绪一致性在不同负性情绪中的表现,在悲伤和愤怒情绪之间证实了情绪一致性记忆效应。     

Recollection training and transfer effects in Alzheimer's disease: effectiveness of the repetition-lag procedure

Objective

This study was designed to extend the use of a memory training technique, known as the repetition-lag procedure, to Alzheimer patients. The specificity of this procedure is to target the process of recollection for improvement.

Method

A group of 12 patients were trained individually for 6 h. The training procedure consisted of a series of yes/no recognition tasks in which some words were repeated throughout the test list across gradually increasing delays. Their performance was evaluated on pre-and-post tests and compared with a recognition practice group and a no contact control group.

Results

Initially, recollection training patients only performed accurately when the delay between repetitions consisted of one intervening word, but by the end of training their performance increased up to four-word intervals. Interestingly, these benefits generalized to other measures of memory, such as working memory, visual memory and source recognition.

Conclusions

Effectiveness of the repetition-lag procedure in Alzheimer’s disease is discussed.     

Operant Variability: A Conceptual Analysis

Some researchers claim that variability is an operant dimension of behavior. The present paper reviews the concept of operant behavior and emphasizes that differentiation is the behavioral process that demonstrates an operant relation. Differentiation is conceived as change in the overlap between two probability distributions: the distribution of reinforcement probability as a function of some response property (S distribution) and the probability distribution of the response property itself (R distribution). This concept implies that the differentiation process can be measured only if S distribution and R distribution are both established on the same response property. To determine whether the differentially reinforced behavioral variability fits the proposed concept of operant behavior, I examine the main procedures (lag n and threshold procedures) and the main dependent variable (U value) employed in the studies of operant variability. Because lag n and threshold procedures establish their S distributions on properties distinct from U value, differentiation cannot be measured over the change in U value. I conclude that studies of operant variability have failed to provide a direct demonstration that variability is an operant dimension of behavior. Hence, studies in which measures of variability provide a basis to measure differentiation can better support the claim that variability is an operant dimension of behavior.