儿童问题解决中的类比迁移

儿童问题解决中的类比迁移是儿童认知发展中的一个基本问题,但在儿童发展研究中却一直没有得到足够的重视。在对儿童问题解决中的类比迁移研究进行回顾和总结的基础上,特别是仔细分析最近十年里的类比迁移研究,该文总结出了儿童问题解决中类比迁移研究的发展趋势,主要包括从探讨迁移是否存在到验证迁移是一种早期能力、从关注迁移的年龄差异到关注促进迁移的有关因素、从关注迁移是否是基本能力到关注迁移的加工机制、从描述迁移技能到领域概化、从关注近迁移到关注远迁移。最后,该文对未来儿童问题解决中的类比迁移研究进行了展望     

数学学习障碍儿童问题解决的表征研究

本研究以小学四年级学生为被试,采用口语报告法探讨论了数学学习障碍儿童问题解决的表征情况。研究发现：数学学习障碍儿童问题解决的表征时间较短;数学学习障碍儿童问题解决的表征类型单一;数学学习障碍儿童问题解决的表征缺乏有效性。     

Qualité des débats sur le travail : la confiance en question

The National Interprofessional Agreement of 2013 on the quality of life at work shows a willingness to institute discussion spaces allowing employees to express themselves on the quality of their work. This questions the modalities of the discussion for those who initiate it as well as for those who participate in it, trust seeming to be indispensable in order to allow for transparency and debate. The authors propose to take a further step from the analysis of a professional controversy by identifying the need to share common assumptions among peers to develop debates.     

An epistemologically arrogant community of contending scholars: A pre-socratic perspective on the past, present, and future of the Pavlovian Society

The paper begins with a statement of the Society’s purpose and its pre-Socratic roots. The Society differs from other contemporary scientific and scientific-professional societies in that it is thoroughly apolitical, unusually open to discussion and debate, and has had a restricted scholarly written impact. I then suggest and interpret six phases in the Society’s history: (1) the pre-Socratic roots; (2) Pavlov and the young Gantt; (3) the Society’s Gantt score of years; (4) the Joe McGuigan decade; (5) the Stewart Wolf era; (6) reforming the Society. I conclude with the hope that even if the content of the Society’s interests changes, it will preserve the pre-Socratic approach against the various forms of intellectual barbarism that continue to arise. “People who love wisdom must be acquainted with many things indeed”,fragment from Heraclitus, www.forthnet.grll/presocratics/heracln.htm.     

Income and Satisfaction in Russia

The Russian Federation has undergone some drastic economic, social-cultural, and political changes since 1989. The income of nearly half of the population has sunk below the poverty line, which has had an enormous impact on their emotional life. In this study, the relationship between income and satisfaction in Russia was examined. Three theories – need, comparison, and personality theory – were considered. Data were drawn from the first three waves of the Russet panel study (1993–1995). Russians were a little more satisfied with their income and life when they had a higher income. A positive change in income caused an increase in income-satisfaction over a one-year period. Results also showed that there was a reciprocal relationship between income-satisfaction and life satisfaction, indicating that in addition to bottom-up effects, top-down mechanisms were also at work: life satisfaction is partly a sum of domain satisfactions, but it also reflects a more trait-like character. Furthermore, within comparison theory, social comparison had the largest effect on income-satisfaction, closely followed by income needed (person-environment fit theory), and income deserved (equity theory) with the smallest effect. The need effect of income on income-satisfaction became non-significant when controlled for these three comparison mechanisms. Correction for measurement error of relationships between the endogenous variables resulted in overall stronger effects.     

Problem-solving strategies in aggressive and nonaggressive children

Problem-solving strategies in hypothetical social situations were studied in 103 aggressive and 79 nonaggressive children. Subjects solved six aggression-provoking situations from children's ordinary lives. Causal thinking, alternative thinking, and prognosticating consequences were evaluated. Cognitions of aggressive children differed from those of nonaggressive children. The greatest differences were found not in high aggressiveness but in aggressive childrens' inability to detect constructive alternatives to aggressive behavior. A child's aggressiveness was a more important determinant than was sex. These findings combined with the finding that strategies can be learned offer an approach to primary prevention.     

Mock juror's perceptions of a child witness passing or failing a truth and lies discussion or promising to tell the truth

This study examined the effect of a child passing or failing the UK truth and lies discussion (TLD) compared with the Canadian promise to tell the truth on mock jurors' decisions regarding witness credibility and truthfulness and defendant guilt. Ninety-two participants read a vignette that described a child witnessing his father physically attacking his mother. The vignette was manipulated for witness age (age 4 years and age 8 years) and TLD performance/promise. Supporting the hypotheses, participants rated the witness's credibility and truthfulness significantly higher after a witness passed a TLD and after promising to tell the truth. The age of the child witness did not significantly affect jurors' decision making. The results are discussed in relation to arguments regarding the abolition of the UK's TLD in favour of introducing a promise to tell the truth.