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101.
Research has demonstrated that false memories are capable of priming and facilitating insight-based problem-solving tasks by increasing solution rates and decreasing solution times. The present research extended this finding by investigating whether false memories could be used to bias ambiguous insight-based problem-solving tasks in a similar manner. Compound remote associate task (CRAT) problems with two possible correct answers, a dominant and a non-dominant solution, were created and normed (Experiment 1). In Experiment 2, participants were asked to solve these CRAT problems after they were given Deese/Roediger-McDermott lists whose critical lures were also the non-dominant solution to half of the corresponding CRATs. As predicted, when false memories served as primes, solution rates were higher and solution times were faster for non-dominant than dominant CRAT solutions. This biasing effect was only found when participants falsely recalled the critical lure, and was not found when participants did not falsely recall the critical lure, or when they were not primed. Results are discussed with regard to spreading activation models of solution competition in problem-solving tasks and current theories of false memory priming effects. 相似文献
102.
F.S. Julal 《British Journal of Guidance & Counselling》2016,44(4):371-381
University support services can be a beneficial resource for students coping with personal stressors. This study investigated the predictors of service use by undergraduate students during their first year at university. Participants completed self-report measures of problem-solving effectiveness, psychological distress and perceived social support (availability and satisfaction) at the start of the academic year, frequency of exposure to stressors half-way through the first semester and support service use at the end of the first and second semesters. Perceived availability of social support and frequency of exposure to stressors predicted service use. Additional analyses examined change in psychological distress across the first semester. Implications of these findings are discussed. 相似文献
103.
104.
Despite the fact that planning has been found to be a significant predictor of reading (particularly of reading comprehension), much less is known about its contribution to mathematics. The purpose of this study was to examine the role of two levels of planning (operation planning and action planning) in three mathematical skills (calculation fluency, math problem-solving, and math reasoning). Eighty Grade 2 children from Shanghai, China were assessed on measures of nonverbal cognitive ability (nonverbal matrices), working memory (digit span backwards and N-back), operation planning (matching numbers, planned codes, and planned search), action planning (crack the code), and mathematics (calculation fluency, math problem-solving, and math reasoning). The results of regression analyses showed that both levels of planning accounted for unique variance in mathematics over and above the effects of nonverbal cognitive ability and working memory. The effects of action planning were particularly strong in math problem-solving. These findings suggest that measures of planning could be used along with measures of working memory to detect children at-risk for mathematics disabilities and that intervention programmes targeting planning could be developed to boost children's mathematics performance. 相似文献
105.
Lee A. Bedford Jessica R. Dietch Daniel J. Taylor Adriel Boals Claudia Zayfert 《Behavior Therapy》2018,49(5):756-767
Depression is a highly prevalent psychological disorder experienced disproportionately by college student military veterans with many deleterious effects including risk for suicide. Treatment can help, but the debilitating nature of depression often makes seeking in-person treatment difficult and many are deterred by stigma, inconvenience, concerns about privacy, or a preference to manage problems themselves. The current study examines the efficacy of a computer-guided Problem-Solving Treatment (ePST®) for reducing symptoms of depression, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and insomnia in student military veterans. Twenty-four student veterans (Meanage = 32.7) with symptoms of depression were randomly assigned either to a treatment group receiving six weekly sessions of ePST or to a minimal contact control group (MCC). Participants completed the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) depression scale at baseline and then weekly through post-ePST or post-MCC. PTSD and insomnia questionnaires were also completed at baseline and posttreatment. A linear mixed model regression showed a statistically significant Group (ePST vs. MCC) × Time (pretreatment through posttreatment) interaction for depression, with the ePST showing substantial improvements in depressive symptoms over the 6-week period. Significant improvements were also seen in PTSD and insomnia symptoms. Results suggest that ePST can effectively treat depression, PTSD, and insomnia symptoms in student military veterans and may be a viable alternative for those who are not able to access live therapy. Future work should examine the durability of treatment effects and utility for more severe depression and suicide prevention. 相似文献
106.
Erik C. W. Krabbe 《Argumentation》2007,21(3):233-242
Any well-structured argumentative exchange must be preceded by some preparatory stages. In the pragma-dialectical four-stage
model of critical discussion, the clarification of issues and positions is relegated to the confrontation stage and the other
preparatory matters are dealt within the opening stage. In the opening stage, the parties involved come to agree to discuss
their differences and to do so by an argumentative exchange rather than by, say, a sequence of bids and offers. They should
also come to agree on the rules of dialogue, on roles, on logical principles, on types of argument, and on the propositions
that can be used as basic premises. All in all, a lot of work needs to be done before the first topical argument can be put
forward. Especially the opening stage seems prone to further disagreements and protracted discussions, e.g., about the admissibility
of particular kinds of argument or particular basic premises. There is also the problem that a successful opening stage threatens
to settle matters beforehand and thus put the argumentation stage out of business. The paper suggests some measures that could
alleviate the workload of the opening stage, without making the argumentation stage otiose. 相似文献
107.
Dorothy M. Fragaszy Erica Kennedy Aeneas Murnane Charles Menzel Gene Brewer Julie Johnson-Pynn William Hopkins 《Animal cognition》2009,12(3):491-504
We examined whether navigation is impacted by experience in two species of nonhuman primates. Five chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and seven capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella) navigated a cursor, using a joystick, through two-dimensional mazes presented on a computer monitor. Subjects completed
192 mazes, each one time. Each maze contained one to five choices, and in up to three of these choices, the correct path required
moving the cursor away from the Euclidean direction toward the goal. Some subjects completed these mazes in a random order
(Random group); others in a fixed order by ascending number of choices and ascending number of turns away from goal (Ordered
group). Chimpanzees in both groups performed equivalently, demonstrated fewer errors and a higher rate of self-correcting
errors with increasing experience at solving the mazes, and made significantly fewer errors than capuchin monkeys. Capuchins
were more sensitive to the mode of presentation than chimpanzees; monkeys in the Ordered group made fewer errors than monkeys
in the Random group. However, capuchins’ performance across testing changed little, and they remained particularly susceptible
to making errors when the correct path required moving away from the goal. Thus, these two species responded differently to
the same spatial challenges and same learning contexts. The findings indicate that chimpanzees have a strong advantage in
this task compared to capuchins, no matter how the task is presented. We suggest that differences between the species in the
dynamic organization of attention and motor processes contribute to their differences in performance on this task, and predict
similar differences in other tasks requiring, as this one does, sustained attention to a dynamic visual display and self-produced
movements variably towards and away from a goal. 相似文献
108.
109.
M. A. van Rees 《Argumentation》2006,20(4):473-487
This paper explores the possibilities for strategic maneuvering of the argumentative technique that Perelman and Olbrechts-Tyteca
(The New Rhetoric. A Treatise on Argumentation, University of Notre Dame Press, Notre Dame/London, 1969) called dissociation. After an exploration of the general possibilities
that dissociation may have for enhancing critical reasonableness and rhetorical effectiveness, the use of dissociation in
the successive stages of a critical discussion is examined. For each stage, first, the dialectical moves that dissociation
can be employed in are specified, then, the specific ways in which dissociation contributes to fulfilling the dialectical
tasks that are associated with these moves are delineated, and, finally, the rhetorical gain that␣dissociation can bring in
the fulfillment of these tasks is discussed. Some general conclusions are drawn for research that aims at understanding the
potential of an argumentative technique for strategic maneuvering. 相似文献
110.
The successful deployment of connected and automated vehicles (CAVs) will largely depend on public opinion. Expectations and concerns are essential components driving the speed of market uptake and final adoption of these technologies. We have studied user expectations and concerns, as well as their provenance, by conducting a series of Focus Group (FG) discussions with transport area experts and non-expert participants, in Italy, Germany, and Spain. Together with user acceptance, potential advantages and disadvantages that CAVs may bring at a societal level were explored. Results show that benefits like increased safety and accessibility and improved travel experience for both driver and passengers could support CAVs’ deployment. Nevertheless, a variety of concerns were raised during the discussions, related to privacy, responsibility in case of an accident, and increase in maintenance and repair costs. These aspects could significantly hamper or delay CAVs acceptability and need to be carefully considered by stakeholders. The reported insights from the FG discussions and the fact that some participants noted positive changes of their initial idea of CAVs due to their participation in the discussion, exemplify the importance of citizen engagement activities to address mobility challenges. 相似文献