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891.
Karl Christoph Klauer 《Psychometrika》2006,71(1):7-31
Multinomial processing tree models are widely used in many areas of psychology. Their application relies on the assumption
of parameter homogeneity, that is, on the assumption that participants do not differ in their parameter values. Tests for
parameter homogeneity are proposed that can be routinely used as part of multinomial model analyses to defend the assumption.
If parameter homogeneity is found to be violated, a new family of models, termed latent-class multinomial processing tree
models, can be applied that accommodates parameter heterogeneity and correlated parameters, yet preserves most of the advantages
of the traditional multinomial method. Estimation, goodness-of-fit tests, and tests of other hypotheses of interest are considered
for the new family of models.
The author thanks Bill Batchelder, Edgar Erdfelder, Thorsten Meiser, and Christoph Stahl for helpful comments on a previous
version of this paper. The author is also grateful to Edgar Erdfelder for making available the data set analyzed in this paper. 相似文献
892.
适宜技术的选择要考虑简、便、廉、验,要从大多数患者的需求出发,要始终定位在医患等利益关系的结合点上,它是一种动态发展的技术或技术体系。然而,正是基于各种利益的结合点,在实际选择适宜技术中常常因为利益冲突的多主体性而变得复杂多样,并衍生出各种各样的利益冲突。分析利益冲突的产生根源对于寻求利益冲突的化解途径具有重要意义,同时也为各种途径提供了理论支持。 相似文献
893.
汪卫霞 《医学与哲学(人文社会医学版)》2006,27(1):33-35
"市场化"抑或"反市场化"之争,使得已整整20年的医疗体制改革基调突然变奏,医改在路向选择上也陷入模糊.医疗体制改革现状及其路径走向理性研判之后,"市场化"并非医改困局的根源.在此基础上,以国际上四种不同卫生体系模式的医改经验为鉴,明确了医疗体制改革的目标定位,并提出现实的对策构想. 相似文献
894.
895.
Brian Lickel Abraham M. Rutchick Steven J. Sherman 《Journal of experimental social psychology》2006,42(1):28-39
Three studies investigated perceivers’ beliefs about the principles by which different kinds of social groups govern interactions among group members. In Study 1, participants rated a sample of 20 groups on a set of group properties, including measures of relational principles used within groups. Results showed that people believe that interactions in different types of groups are governed by different blends of relational principles unique for each type of group. Study 2 experimentally demonstrated that perceivers could use minimal group property characteristics of different types of groups (i.e., extent of group member interaction, group size, duration, and permeability) to make inferences about the relational principles used in different types of groups. Study 3 demonstrated that relational style information influences people’s judgments of a group’s entitativity and collective responsibility. 相似文献
896.
决策中的延迟选择行为 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
延迟选择(choice deferral)指个体在应该作出选择的时候却决定不作选择,包括推迟选择(如选择延迟选项)或拒绝在可选项中选择一个选项。本文首先探讨了影响延迟选择行为的认知因素和情绪因素;随后讨论了当在决策情景中引入延迟选项时,延迟选项对决策者随后情绪体验和决策行为的影响;最后对未来研究进行了展望。 相似文献
897.
近年来有关智力的研究概述 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
作为个体差异的一个重要来源,智力一直是研究者们高度关注的焦点。心理学家们从不同的角度出发,采用不同的研究范式,纷纷提出了各自不同的智力理论。这些理论推动了人们对智力本质的深入认识,在很大程度上促进了人们对个体差异的更好理解。文章从智力研究的四大主要范式入手,对近些年来有关智力的研究作一概述,以期能带给人们更多的启示。 相似文献
898.
The authors tested two interventions to improve retirement savings investment decisions. In an incentive‐compatible experiment, 459 participants engaged in a task simulating their working life. Periodically during the simulation, participants chose between different investment options. The authors examined the effectiveness of a “nudge” by manipulating the default option and the effectiveness of a “signpost” by manipulating the display of a pictograph summarizing the expected return of each option. Participants often followed the default option, particularly when it was “smart” (i.e., became more conservative as retirement approached) and when presented together with dynamic pictographs (i.e., updated each year assuming the investment was held until retirement). Those most likely to make optimal choices (i.e., consistent with the life cycle model) were presented with a smart default or dynamic pictographs. These findings reveal how different choice architecture interventions can be used to positively influence behavior. Retirement funds and regulators can support retirement savings decisions by the provision of smart defaults and better risk information in the form of pictographs. 相似文献
899.
Yueqin Hu Raymond Treinen 《The British journal of mathematical and statistical psychology》2019,72(1):38-60
Differential equation models are frequently used to describe non-linear trajectories of longitudinal data. This study proposes a new approach to estimate the parameters in differential equation models. Instead of estimating derivatives from the observed data first and then fitting a differential equation to the derivatives, our new approach directly fits the analytic solution of a differential equation to the observed data, and therefore simplifies the procedure and avoids bias from derivative estimations. A simulation study indicates that the analytic solutions of differential equations (ASDE) approach obtains unbiased estimates of parameters and their standard errors. Compared with other approaches that estimate derivatives first, ASDE has smaller standard error, larger statistical power and accurate Type I error. Although ASDE obtains biased estimation when the system has sudden phase change, the bias is not serious and a solution is also provided to solve the phase problem. The ASDE method is illustrated and applied to a two-week study on consumers’ shopping behaviour after a sale promotion, and to a set of public data tracking participants’ grammatical facial expression in sign language. R codes for ASDE, recommendations for sample size and starting values are provided. Limitations and several possible expansions of ASDE are also discussed. 相似文献
900.
Wayne W. Fisher Jennifer M. Felber Lauren A. Phillips Andrew R. Craig Amber R. Paden Jessica J. Niemeier 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》2019,52(4):974-993
“Resistance to change” represents a core symptom of autism that we conceptualized and assessed as resulting in part due to factors known to govern free‐operant choice. During a free‐choice baseline, participants chose between problematic, resistive responses and an appropriate alternative response. During the asymmetrical‐choice condition, we delivered their most highly preferred item if the participant chose the alternative response (i.e., differential reinforcement of alternative behavior [DRA]). During the guided‐ (Experiment 1) and singular‐ (Experiment 2) choice conditions, we prompted participants to choose the alternative response and then delivered their most highly preferred item (i.e., DRA with escape extinction). All participants learned to tolerate (Experiment 1) or choose (Experiment 2) the alternative response when we combined DRA with escape extinction. After exposure to escape extinction, two participants showed strong maintenance effects with DRA alone. We discuss these finding relative to the effects of DRA and escape extinction on resistance to change. 相似文献