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861.
862.
We introduce Gentzen calculi for intuitionistic logic extended with an existence predicate. Such a logic was first introduced
by Dana Scott, who provided a proof system for it in Hilbert style. We prove that the Gentzen calculus has cut elimination
in so far that all cuts can be restricted to very simple ones. Applications of this logic to Skolemization, truth value logics
and linear frames are also discussed. 相似文献
863.
Slobodanka Vladiv-Glover 《Studies in East European Thought》2006,58(3):205-238
Mamardašvili’s ‘classical’ paradigm of knowledge is seen to be minimally based on extrapolations from Descartes’ classical
philosophy to which Mamardašvili attributes features that rather anticipate his own post-classical ontology. The latter is
oriented towards the primacy of perception as a subjective process, in which the self-conscious subject constructs the world,
not as illusion, but as a ‘picture’ or ‘model’ (Wittgenstein’s Bild). By examining Mamardašvili’s definition of the ‘phenomenon’ against the␣background of Husserl’s ‘reduction’, Wittgenstein’s
‘object’ and the Freudian and post-structuralist psychoanalytic model of subjectivity, the paper arrives at the inference
that Mamardašvili is essentially a post-Structuralist thinker who appropriates concepts from various critical and philosophical
disciplines to construct his own multi-disciplinary theory of consciousness and perception. 相似文献
864.
Karl Christoph Klauer 《Psychometrika》2006,71(1):7-31
Multinomial processing tree models are widely used in many areas of psychology. Their application relies on the assumption
of parameter homogeneity, that is, on the assumption that participants do not differ in their parameter values. Tests for
parameter homogeneity are proposed that can be routinely used as part of multinomial model analyses to defend the assumption.
If parameter homogeneity is found to be violated, a new family of models, termed latent-class multinomial processing tree
models, can be applied that accommodates parameter heterogeneity and correlated parameters, yet preserves most of the advantages
of the traditional multinomial method. Estimation, goodness-of-fit tests, and tests of other hypotheses of interest are considered
for the new family of models.
The author thanks Bill Batchelder, Edgar Erdfelder, Thorsten Meiser, and Christoph Stahl for helpful comments on a previous
version of this paper. The author is also grateful to Edgar Erdfelder for making available the data set analyzed in this paper. 相似文献
865.
Matthew S. Johnson 《Psychometrika》2006,71(2):257-279
Unlike their monotone counterparts, nonparametric unfolding response models, which assume the item response function is unimodal,
have seen little attention in the psychometric literature. This paper studies the nonparametric behavior of unfolding models
by building on the work of Post (1992). The paper provides rigorous justification for a class of nonparametric estimators
of respondents’ latent attitudes by proving that the estimators consistently rank order the respondents. The paper also suggests
an algorithm for the rank ordering of items along the attitudes scale. Finally, the methods are evaluated using simulated
data.
This research was supported in part by an Educational Testing Service Gulliksen Fellowship, and by the National Science Foundation,
Grant DMS-97.05032. The author would like to thank Brian Junker for his help and support on this paper and Paul Holland, Steve
Fienberg, and Jay Kadane for their helpful comments. 相似文献
866.
Computerized adaptive testing under nonparametric IRT models 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Nonparametric item response models have been developed as alternatives to the relatively inflexible parametric item response
models. An open question is whether it is possible and practical to administer computerized adaptive testing with nonparametric
models. This paper explores the possibility of computerized adaptive testing when using nonparametric item response models.
A central issue is that the derivatives of item characteristic Curves may not be estimated well, which eliminates the availability
of the standard maximum Fisher information criterion. As alternatives, procedures based on Shannon entropy and Kullback–Leibler
information are proposed. For a long test, these procedures, which do not require the derivatives of the item characteristic
eurves, become equivalent to the maximum Fisher information criterion. A simulation study is conducted to study the behavior
of these two procedures, compared with random item selection. The study shows that the procedures based on Shannon entropy
and Kullback–Leibler information perform similarly in terms of root mean square error, and perform much better than random
item selection. The study also shows that item exposure rates need to be addressed for these methods to be practical.
The authors would like to thank Hua Chang for his help in conducting this research. 相似文献
867.
适宜技术的选择要考虑简、便、廉、验,要从大多数患者的需求出发,要始终定位在医患等利益关系的结合点上,它是一种动态发展的技术或技术体系。然而,正是基于各种利益的结合点,在实际选择适宜技术中常常因为利益冲突的多主体性而变得复杂多样,并衍生出各种各样的利益冲突。分析利益冲突的产生根源对于寻求利益冲突的化解途径具有重要意义,同时也为各种途径提供了理论支持。 相似文献
868.
汪卫霞 《医学与哲学(人文社会医学版)》2006,27(1):33-35
"市场化"抑或"反市场化"之争,使得已整整20年的医疗体制改革基调突然变奏,医改在路向选择上也陷入模糊.医疗体制改革现状及其路径走向理性研判之后,"市场化"并非医改困局的根源.在此基础上,以国际上四种不同卫生体系模式的医改经验为鉴,明确了医疗体制改革的目标定位,并提出现实的对策构想. 相似文献
869.
870.
Brian Lickel Abraham M. Rutchick Steven J. Sherman 《Journal of experimental social psychology》2006,42(1):28-39
Three studies investigated perceivers’ beliefs about the principles by which different kinds of social groups govern interactions among group members. In Study 1, participants rated a sample of 20 groups on a set of group properties, including measures of relational principles used within groups. Results showed that people believe that interactions in different types of groups are governed by different blends of relational principles unique for each type of group. Study 2 experimentally demonstrated that perceivers could use minimal group property characteristics of different types of groups (i.e., extent of group member interaction, group size, duration, and permeability) to make inferences about the relational principles used in different types of groups. Study 3 demonstrated that relational style information influences people’s judgments of a group’s entitativity and collective responsibility. 相似文献