《周易·需卦》管窥

对于<周易>的解读,诸家各执一辞,令人莫知所从.本文参考古今诸家论著,并对其中"需于沙","自我致寇","出于穴","入于穴"等分岐较多的疑点进行了深入辨析.力图探求<需卦>的微言大义,以兹引起世人对<周易>当中蕴含的伟大人文哲学思想和科学精蕴的全新关注.     

How could process-oriented research approaches capture the interplay between training and competition in athlete performance preparation? The contribution of ecological dynamics

Analyses of training or competition environments traditionally tend to adopt a product-oriented perspective through the recording and statistical analysis of performance outcomes. Consequently, most investigations continue to ignore the processes underpinning functional achievement of outcomes, therefore, failing to examine contextual effects of how and why performance evolves. This critical research note highlights the need for sport psychologists, pedagogues, and other applied scientists to consider a range of alternative methodological designs for research to monitor and explain processes inherent to performance preparation. These process-oriented designs require the continuous flow and exchange of performance data between training and competition, mediated by practitioners’ experiential knowledge. We endorse a triangulation of information defined as a ‘competition-coach-training’ triad which needs to be better acknowledged. Redirecting the focus of practice and research away from a product-oriented (driven by broad statistical data patterns), towards a process-oriented perspective (examined through in-depth contextual analyses) may re-calibrate the theory-practice alignment.     

用整合的观点看情绪

该文主要根据James R．Averill(1997)等人的观点，从整合的角度探讨了情绪问题，阐述了情绪分析的框架。此框架由6个情绪变量组成，分五个水平。在阐述了这五个水平及其关系之后，又从下向上论述了处于不同情绪组织水平上的成份反应、情绪状态、情绪症侯群和气质特征。     

Mood regulation and relationship quality predict change in homesickness during college

Recent theorizing has implicated affect regulation as central to the experience of homesickness. Conceptualized as grief due to losing social connections with close others when relocating, homesickness is associated with poor emotional and social adjustment. The present study examined how mood regulation and relationship quality – at home and in college – predict homesickness and negative affect among college students (N = 168). We assessed 16 mood regulation strategies as well as relationship quality each week over the first college term. As predicted, time-lagged multilevel analyses demonstrate that avoidance-oriented strategies were helpful in the short term (the following week), but chronic avoidance (across the college term) predicted higher levels of homesickness. Approach-oriented regulatory strategies did not predict homesickness, however. Relationship quality demonstrated differential main effects at the between-person level but did not predict fluctuations in homesickness from week to week. Across the college term, closer ties at home predicted greater homesickness, whereas closer ties in college predicted lower homesickness. Notably, there were distinct effects of mood regulation for homesickness compared to negative affect. The present study is among the first to examine effects of mood regulation on homesickness longitudinally, suggesting it is important to consider the type of regulation strategies being used as well as the time scale.     

The Adultcentrism Scale in the educational relationship: Instrument development and preliminary validation

The term “adultcentrism” refers to a paradigm of thought that leads adults to provide inadequate or distorted responses to children’s needs (Furioso, 2000), despite the belief of acting in children’s best interest. Our understanding of adult-child relationship could be subjected to such adultcentric bias, thus preventing the acknowledgement of the deeply reciprocal qualities of the encounter between the culture of adults and the one of children. Several authors have focused on the importance of making an effort in recognizing the partiality of such adult-centered perspective (Goode, 1986; Petr, 1992; Furioso, 2000; Mackay, 1973, 2003; Biancardi, 2002; Foti, 2004), but no research tools have been proposed so far.The Adultcentrism Scale, a questionnaire of 27 items, has been developed and administered to 326 university students during a pilot study. Three factors emerged from ML EFA (Oblimin rotation): “Child as an empty box”, “Child without agency”, and “Competent Child”. The factorial structure resulted corroborated by CFA, with the exception of one item that has been therefore excluded. The final version of the Adultcentrism Scale has been administered to a sample of 910 parents of primary school-age children. Results indicate that the Adultcentrism Scale could help in the detection of the construct of adultcentrism in caregivers, particularly in large-scale studies. The three factors extracted and the tendency of response distributions appear consistent with the reference literature. Reflecting on adultcentrism can bring positive implications in designing interventions focusing on the improvement of adult-child relationship quality.     

Passive and Active Compensability Multicriteria ANnalysis (PACMAN)

Determining intercriteria relations is an important issue in MCDA. In order to handle this problem, this paper presents a new approach to the concept of compensation in multicriteria analysis, named PACMAN (Passive and Active Compensability Multicriteria ANalysis). The notion of compensability introduced here is decision maker oriented, relying only on information provided by him. In PACMAN compensability is analysed by taking into consideration two criteria at a time and distinguishing the compensating criterion from the compensated one. Separating active and passive effects of compensation allows one to point out a possible asymmetry of the notion of compensability. A valued binary relation of compensated preference is introduced. Compensated preference can be used for a modelization of the preference structure. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Meaningfulness Beats Frequency in Multiword Chunk Processing

Whereas a growing bulk of work has demonstrated that both adults and children are sensitive to frequently occurring word sequences, little is known about the potential role of meaning in the processing of such multiword chunks. Here, we take a first step toward assessing the contribution of meaningfulness in the processing of multiword sequences, using items that varied in chunk meaningfulness. In a phrasal-decision study, we compared reaction times for triads of three-word sequences, corresponding to idiomatic expressions, compositional phrases, and phrasal fragments, while controlling for phrase and substring frequencies. Chunk meaningfulness, as assessed by a separate subjective rating study, was found to speed up decision times for all three types of strings: The more meaningful a multiword sequence was judged to be, the faster it was processed, independently of whether it was idiomatic, compositional in nature, or a phrasal fragment. These results highlight the importance of taking meaning into account when considering the processing of multiword chunks, consistent with predictions of construction-based approaches to language.