远外侧入路治疗颅颈交界区腹侧病变

探讨远外侧入路在颅颈交界区腹侧病变治疗中的应用。14例患者全部采用远外侧入路显微手术治疗。11例肿瘤全切除7例,次全切除2例,大部切除2例;3例动脉瘤均顺利夹闭;行枕颈融合术3例。术后最常见的并发症是后组脑神经损伤症状;获得随访11例,恢复良好。远外侧入路是治疗颅颈交界区腹侧病变的理想入路,但治疗方案应个体化。     

Stage and Contextual Approaches to Development in Professional Supervision

This paper discusses supervision as a means of professional and personal development in adulthood and analyzes its relevant mechanisms and processes. By using several theoretical concepts of development the stage and contextual approaches to supervision are discussed. While the stage approach describes the movement of supervisee, supervisor, and supervision relationship along perceivable and predictable stages, the contextual approach understands the development of an adult as a progression towards increased differentiation and integration of some of its functions, to which experiences, the context of one's life, and one's own activity contribute a great deal.     

The effects of lesions in the central nucleus of the amygdala on appetitive classical conditioning in rats

Abstract: Lesions in the central nucleus of the amygdala (cAMY) have been known to interfere with the acquisition of fear classical conditioning when footshock is used as an unconditioned stimulus (US). The present study examined whether or not a similar interference would occur with an appetitive US. Five rats with lesions in the cAMY (the cAMY group), and eight unoperated control rats were trained in an appetitive classical conditioning paradigm, which did not include elements of operant learning, using a visual conditioned stimulus (CS) (5 W of light for 10 s duration) paired with a food pellet US (45 mg, cheese flavor). The behavioral index of appetitive conditioning was an increase in rearing approach behavior to the CS after CS and US pairings. During CS and US pairings, the movement of the rat was limited so that this approach behavior could not occur. As a result, all control rats showed an increase in rearing, but the cAMY group did not. These results suggest that the cAMY is critical for appetitive as well as fear classical conditioning.     

Counterexamples to Recovery and the Filtering Condition

David Makinson has argued that the compelling character of counterexamples to the Recovery Condition on contraction is due to an appeal to justificational structure. In “naked theories” where such structure is ignored or is not present, Recovery does apply. This note attempts to show that Makinson is mistaken on both counts. Recovery fails when no appeal is made to justificational structure. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

A Map of Common Knowledge Logics

In order to capture the concept of common knowledge, various extensions of multi-modal epistemic logics, such as fixed-point ones and infinitary ones, have been proposed. Although we have now a good list of such proposed extensions, the relationships among them are still unclear. The purpose of this paper is to draw a map showing the relationships among them. In the propositional case, these extensions turn out to be all Kripke complete and can be comparable in a meaningful manner. F. Wolter showed that the predicate extension of the Halpern-Moses fixed-point type common knowledge logic is Kripke incomplete. However, if we go further to an infinitary extension, Kripke completeness would be recovered. Thus there is some gap in the predicate case. In drawing the map, we focus on what is happening around the gap in the predicate case. The map enables us to better understand the common knowledge logics as a whole.     

印度干细胞及遗传学研究的途径

在印度,科学家和政府对印度的基因组研究了干细胞研究充满了热情。而有关的伦理准则就显得尤为重要。印度在2000年颁布的准则是针对胎儿研究结果的保密性,以研究为目的而剩余的胚胎不能用于商业用途。辅助生殖技术应确保参与者的知情同意。保密性和遗传学秘密对遗传学研究是非常重要的。专家认为在干细胞与基因组研究领域中,伦理学及政府的阻碍并不是主要的负担,而主要的问题在于科技的发展与应用中的经济问题。同时,公众的积极参与也是非常重要的。     

婴儿视觉自我认知的微观发生研究

本研究采用微观发生设计,对大连市15名婴儿在15个月时用摄像追踪观察至23个月,每周观察一次.目的在于探讨婴儿视觉自我认知的具体发生时间和个体差异,以及视觉自我认知各指标的发生顺序.结果表明:(1)婴儿视觉自我认知在15～23个月间发生,随年龄增长而提高;(2)婴儿视觉自我认知一般发生于17.25个月;(3)视觉自我认知并非突然出现,而是从不稳定到稳定的渐进发展过程,在发生过程中存在个体差异;(4)视觉自我认知各指标相继发生,镜像自我认知是视觉自我认知最早出现的标志,随后是客体定向能力、照片自我认知.     

Personality assessment in the Great Apes: Comparing ecologically valid behavior measures, behavior ratings, and adjective ratings

Three methods of personality assessment (behavior measures, behavior ratings, adjective ratings) were compared in 20 zoo-housed Great Apes: bonobos (Pan paniscus), chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus), gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla), and orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus abelii). To test a new bottom-up approach, the studied trait constructs were systematically generated from the species’ behavioral repertoires. The assessments were reliable, temporally stable, and showed substantial cross-method coherence. In most traits, behavior ratings mediated the relations between adjective ratings and behavior measures. Results suggest that high predictability of manifest behavior is best achieved by behavior ratings, not by adjectives. Empirical evidence for trait constructs beyond current personality models points to the necessity of broad and systematic approaches for valid inferences on a species’ personality structure.     

Coping with Crisis Across the Lifespan: The Role of a Telephone Hotline

We describe over 300,000 crisis calls made to a large national hotline over a 5-year period. Callers consisted of males and females between the ages of 10 and 89. Overall, a slight majority of callers were first time callers (52%) and most (73%) sought assistance with issues related to parenting, youth concerns, and mental health. Across the lifespan, issues dealing with loneliness increased with age whereas depression-related calls decreased. Additionally, females were more likely than their male counterparts to call the hotline by over a 2- to 1-margin. Findings lend preliminary support to the efficacy of crisis call centers to utilize a flexible, yet well-defined problem-solving approach to assist those of all ages calling with the wide range of problems.     

决策中的图形框架效应

决策框架效应作为一种违背不变性原则的非理性偏差, 已经得到研究的广泛证实。本研究突破了传统研究中主要由语言描述引发框架效应的限制, 从图形表征这一新的视角对图形框架效应做了深入探讨。本研究共包括6个实验, 通过操纵选项在不同图形表征版本中物理属性差异的突出性, 发现在表达信息不变的情况下, 人们判断和决策的偏好会受到图形表征的影响, 即出现了图形框架效应。研究结果表明, 图形框架效应普遍存在于各种决策情境以及各种图形表征方式中。基于属性替代理论和齐当别原则, 我们提出了一种解释图形框架效应内部作用机制的两阶段心理加工模型--图形编辑的齐当别模型(The Graph-edited Equate-to-differentiate Model, GEM)。