A Generalization of the Łukasiewicz Algebras

We introduce the variety _n ^m , m 1 and n 2, of m-generalized ukasiewicz algebras of order n and characterize its subdirectly irreducible algebras. The variety _n ^m is semisimple, locally finite and has equationally definable principal congruences. Furthermore, the variety _n ^m contains the variety of ukasiewicz algebras of order n.     

临床活体部分小肠移植过程中矛盾现象及处理

从1999年至今、在国内我们率先成功地施行两例临床活体部分小肠移植术,在整个处置过程中出现许多的矛盾现象。如术前为纠正患者严重的营养不良,必须给予肠外营养支持。但是,长期的肠外营养又引起患者肝功能损害,使患者无法耐受手术;对受体来讲,当然是移植的肠管越长越有利,但是在活体移植的情况下供体只能有限地提供肠管,且肠管过长受体也无法接受;手术后患者必须应用有效的免疫抑制剂来防治免疫排斥反应,而机体在免疫抑制下极易发生感染,应用强效而广的抗菌素虽然可防治细菌的感染,但是可引起菌群的失调导致真菌感染;为防止血管内血栓的形成,需应用有效的抗凝剂,但同时可导致出血倾向等等。我们体会：正确地处理这些矛盾现象是我们成功的关键。首先要抓重点,抓主要矛盾,同时应对可能出现的问题有所感知并给与预防,尽可能避免副反应的发生。     

关于药物临床试验伦理问题的思考

医学伦理学是伴随着科学技术的发展而产生的事物,药物临床试验在促进人类健康事业发展的同时,也涉及到与之相驳的伦理学问题,运用哲学的矛盾原理,浅析药物临床试验与医学伦理之间存在的矛盾及矛盾的两面性,以求解决目前药物临床试验中遇到的困难和问题。     

加碘盐防治碘缺乏疾病的回顾与思考

全民食盐加碘（USI）实施10余年来,全民碘营养状况得到了改善,基本上消除了IDD,人口素质得到很大提高,但其带来的一系列问题也引起了人们的关注,USI实施以来,甲状腺疾病的发病率显著增加。围绕USI是去是留曾在学术界引起激烈的争论。对USI的认识和实践经历了一个曲折的过程,体现了辩证唯物主义的认识论和矛盾论的观点。     

医患关系不和谐的原因

由于政府监管部门的缺位与越位导致医疗市场混乱,医疗资源配置不合理与效率低下,医院为了自身利益而鼓励医务人员多收费,医务人员成了给钱治病的经济人,再加上舆论的推波助澜,社会保障体系不健全,以及医疗需求的刚性,医患间的信息不对称,患者对医疗预期值超越了当今的科技水平,导致医患矛盾越演越烈。     

Application of local linear embedding to nonlinear exploratory latent structure analysis

In this paper we discuss the use of a recent dimension reduction technique called Locally Linear Embedding, introduced by Roweis and Saul, for performing an exploratory latent structure analysis. The coordinate variables from the locally linear embedding describing the manifold on which the data reside serve as the latent variable scores. We propose the use of semiparametric penalized spline methods for reconstruction of the manifold equations that approximate the data space. We also discuss a crossvalidation strategy that can guide in selecting an appropriate number of latent variables. Synthetic as well as real data sets are used to illustrate the proposed approach. A nonlinear latent structure representation of a data set also serves as a data visualization tool.     

Bootstrap confidence intervals for principal covariates regression

Principal covariate regression (PCOVR) is a method for regressing a set of criterion variables with respect to a set of predictor variables when the latter are many in number and/or collinear. This is done by extracting a limited number of components that simultaneously synthesize the predictor variables and predict the criterion ones. So far, no procedure has been offered for estimating statistical uncertainties of the obtained PCOVR parameter estimates. The present paper shows how this goal can be achieved, conditionally on the model specification, by means of the bootstrap approach. Four strategies for estimating bootstrap confidence intervals are derived and their statistical behaviour in terms of coverage is assessed by means of a simulation experiment. Such strategies are distinguished by the use of the varimax and quartimin procedures and by the use of Procrustes rotations of bootstrap solutions towards the sample solution. In general, the four strategies showed appropriate statistical behaviour, with coverage tending to the desired level for increasing sample sizes. The main exception involved strategies based on the quartimin procedure in cases characterized by complex underlying structures of the components. The appropriateness of the statistical behaviour was higher when the proper number of components were extracted.     

矛盾分析法在心血管疾病心理治疗中的应用

随着我国人口老龄化趋势的加快,心血管疾病患病率、病死率不断上升,并往往伴随异常的心理状态,在传统治疗基础上辅以心理干预,将会改善患者的生活质量和预后。矛盾分析法是运用对立统一规律,观察、分析社会现象,应贯穿于心血管疾病心理治疗的全部过程。     

Possible Worlds Semantics and Fiction

The canonical version of possible worlds semantics for story prefixes is due to David Lewis. This paper reassesses Lewis's theory and draws attention to some novel problems for his account.     

绝经妇女激素替代治疗的回顾与思考

随着人们平均寿命的延长,对生活质量要求的不断提高,绝经后的问题也日益受到全社会的广泛关注,绝经后骨质疏松和冠心病、阿尔茨海默病等的增加引起人们对激素替代治疗(HRT)的兴趣,其旨在改善妇女生活质量。但随着研究的深入,其所引发的问题也不断涌现。HRT对绝经后妇女的生活质量究竟是否有总体益处已成为目前关注的焦点。自从1963年Wilson倡导HRT以来,HRT的发展走过了一段曲折之路,对HRT的认识,经历了几十年反复的过程,体现了辩证唯物主义认识论和矛盾论的观点。