中小学教师对欺负的界定及对三种欺负类型的认知

运用问卷法和访谈法对中小学教师对欺负的界定及对三种欺负类型严重性认知的特点进行了研究。结果发现,中小学教师普遍认可欺负的伤害性及力量非均衡性特征,对未受激惹性特征存在争议,对部分欺负情境的重复性特征认同率较低。教师一致认为直接身体欺负最严重,直接言语欺负次之,间接欺负最不严重。某一行为情境是否被判定为欺负行为与教师们对该情境严重性的认知有显著相关。     

失望情境下小学儿童情绪表达规则的运用

以91名小学一、三、五年级儿童为被试,采用故事访谈法探讨了失望情境下儿童情绪表达规则运用的发展特点及其影响因素。结果表明:(1)从一年级到五年级,小学儿童在失望情景下的真实情绪和表面情绪都变得越来越积极,且失望情境下无论是在真实情绪上还是在表面情绪上,都没有表现出显著的性别差异;(2)三种人际关系类型下儿童的表面情绪和真实情绪都表现出极大的差异,而且人际关系类型不同儿童使用表达规则的情况也有很大不同,这可以用儿童情绪调节策略的不同来解释;(3)失望情境下,儿童情绪表达规则的使用受到不同人际类型的影响,这可能与儿童对情绪表达社会影响的不同预期有关;(4)儿童的情绪表达目标不受其所处的人际关系类型影响,且不同人际关系下儿童的情绪表达目标不受其年级、性别的影响。     

The Gap Between Clinical Trial and Application in Health Behavior Counseling: Can Behavioral Medicine Build a Bridge?

Patients desire to have information about health-related behaviors (e.g., exercise) provided to them by their health care provider. Outcomes of clinical trials in physical activity counseling are modest at best and therefore, the degree of effectiveness of physical activity counseling in the primary care setting remains unclear. We describe what may be considered a real-world example of behavior change counseling aimed at primary or secondary risk factor identification and modification for CHD in women. We examined rates of baseline and follow-up physical activity in our sample of midlife Caucasian and African American women (N = 227) participating in a hospital-based CHD-risk screening. Baseline physical activity levels and rates of return for follow-up appointments were quite low with only negligible achievement of behavior change recommendations. In light of these findings, the potential role of behavioral medicine in training and collaboration with health care providers in primary care behavior counseling is discussed.     

初婚者与再婚者择偶心理机制之比较——对西方进化心理学“初／再婚择偶市场”假说的检验

为检验西方进化心理学家Koziel和Pawlowski的"初/再婚择偶市场"假说,依同样方法对天津的653份征婚启事样本进行了内容分析,结果发现(1)Koziel和Pawlowski的"初/再婚择偶市场"假说的五个操作性假设基本未获得验证;(2)年龄变量较婚姻状态变量对择偶策略的选择具有更强预测力;(3)进化心理学的某些重要假设,如男性身高优势假设获得了验证.结论进化心理学意义上的择偶心理机制存在显著差异的"初/再婚择偶市场"在中国还并不存在.     

中小学教师的职业倦怠与工作压力、自尊和控制点的关系研究

本研究旨在探讨中小学教师的职业倦怠与工作压力、自尊和控制点的关系。用教师职业倦怠问卷、工作压力调查表、自尊量表和控制点量表对766名教师进行了问卷调查。结果发现：教师的职业倦怠与工作压力、自尊和控制点之间存在显著的相关关系;教师的工作压力、自尊、控制点分别对职业倦怠的情绪衰竭、非人性化、低成就感具有显著的预测作用。     

Expect the Best and Prepare for the Worst: Anticipatory Coping and Preparations for Y2K

The Y2K Bug, the programming glitch expected to derail computerized systems worldwide when the year changed from 1999 to 2000, provided a rich context for examining anticipatory coping and preparatory behaviors. In the last 2 months of 1999, 697 respondents completed an online survey of proactivity, worry about Y2K, dispositional optimism, primary and secondary control-oriented coping efforts, estimates of Y2K-related disruptions, and household preparations. Higher levels of proactivity, worry, and optimism were independently associated with greater self-reported preparations. These predictors were positively associated with greater primary control-oriented coping efforts, but showed differential relations to secondary control efforts, such as accepting the situation or trusting a higher power, especially among participants who thought the damage would be severe and lasting. Implications for understanding multiple ways of coping with potential stressors are discussed.

“The primary process”: The vicissitude of a concept

Abstract

During the first twenty years that Freud spent creating his theory, he assumed that most of the functions responsible for creating mental-thought structures were organized according to two different forms or principles of thought. He called these forms “primary process” and “secondary process”. The “secondary process” is identified with rational thinking and the ego, and it is easy to follow the changes that this concept underwent in the works of Freud that followed. The concept of “primary process”, on the other hand, disappeared from his later works with no explanation. This article traces the changes that the “primary process” underwent in Freud's thinking and examines the connection between his analytical technique and his research method. A close study of the changes that the “primary process” underwent reveals that Freud's developmental thought process included concepts whose directional changes may be termed “regressive”.     

Quantitative and qualitative analysis of a set of goal attainment forms in primary care mental health services

Aims: The aim of this paper is to present an attempt to collate the results of the client‐completed Goal Attainment Form (GAF) and to explore the usefulness of analysing the data in this way. The GAF is used primarily to add qualitative idiosyncratic data to the quantitative data collected by the CORE‐OM (Clinical Outcomes for Routine Evaluation Outcome Measure) questionnaire. Method: A sample of 477 completed GAF were used during short‐term therapy through primary care mental health services to investigate potential correlations in various different aspects between the GAF and the CORE outcome measure (CORE‐OM). The themes from these forms were qualitatively analysed to compare how clients describe their experience of therapy with clinical perspectives. Results: The results reveal several significant correlations. Themes used by clients to describe their problems and benefits of therapy were different from clinicians' perspectives. Discussion and recommendations: Several suggestions and recommendations are offered regarding evaluation, therapy and primary care short‐term therapy services.     

Reaction Time Methods in the Study of Motor Programming

Recent reaction time analysis of motor programming has utilized a precue stimulus that provides advance information about some or all of the attributes for the upcoming motor response. This kind of precue typically confounds the number of remaining stimuli with the motoric processes under investigation (Zelaznik, 1978). In Experiments 1 and 2 the precuing of hand, digit, and duration of a key press response was manipulated. A new precuing procedure was utilized that does not confound the number of stimuli with the motoric processes under investigation. The findings of Experiments 1 and 2 demonstrate that none of the advance information was helpful in reducing reaction time and as such, suggest that these features of movement are not selected in any particular order. Experiment 3 compared this new method of precuing to the older, traditional method. The results of this experiment suggested that there is parallel processing of the perceptual and motor mental operations in this reaction-time task, since there was an underadditive interaction between the number of stimulus response alternatives and the non-precued movement dimensions. This paper highlights problems inherent in the utilization of precuing methods to understand motor programming processes. It appears that a better understanding about the variables involved in movement control is necessary before examining the order of selection of those variables.