大学生人生观研究

本研究选取不同地区5所高等学校665名大学生为研究对象,在问卷调查的基础上对当代大学生人生观现状和特点进行了较为全面的考察.研究结果为:当代大学生人生观总体上积极进取,他们追求自身的完善与发展;当代大学生在人生认知量表的4个维度上的得分有显著的性别、年级差异,没有生源地、文理科和独生子女差异.     

Academic buoyancy: Towards an understanding of students' everyday academic resilience

Academic buoyancy is developed as a construct reflecting everyday academic resilience within a positive psychology context and is defined as students' ability to successfully deal with academic setbacks and challenges that are typical of the ordinary course of school life (e.g., poor grades, competing deadlines, exam pressure, difficult schoolwork). Data were collected from 598 students in Years 8 and 10 at five Australian high schools. Half-way through the school year and then again at the end of the year, students were asked to rate their academic buoyancy as well as a set of hypothesized predictors (self-efficacy, control, academic engagement, anxiety, teacher-student relationship) in the area of mathematics. Multilevel modeling found that the bulk of variance in academic buoyancy was explained at the student level. Confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling showed that (a) Time 1 anxiety (negatively), self-efficacy, and academic engagement significantly predict Time 1 academic buoyancy; (b) Time 2 anxiety (negatively), self-efficacy, academic engagement, and teacher-student relationships explain variance in Time 2 academic buoyancy over and above that explained by academic buoyancy at Time 1; and (c) of the significant predictors, anxiety explains the bulk of variance in academic buoyancy.     

Formation of partially and fully elaborated generalized equivalence classes

Most complex categories observed in real-world settings consist of perceptually disparate stimuli, such as a picture of a person's face, the person's name as written, and the same name as heard, as well as dimensional variants of some or all of these stimuli. The stimuli function as members of a single partially or fully elaborated generalized equivalence class when they occasion the mutual selection of each other after the establishment of some subset of relations among the stimuli. Indeed, it is these generalized relations among stimuli that enable an individual to respond appropriately to the inevitable flux of natural environments. The present experiments involved procedures for producing both types of generalized equivalence class and for evaluating their retention. Granting the formal and functional similarities that exist between generalized equivalence classes and natural categories, natural kinds, and fuzzy superordinate classes, the variables responsible for the emergence of the former might also account for the emergence of the latter three phenomena. In Experiment 1, After forming an A'-B' class, a B'-C relation was trained and generalization tests were conducted with B'-C, C-B', A'-C, and C'-A. Two of 5 participants passed the tests documenting the formation of A'-B'-C classes. Failures occurred in the A'-C and C-A' tests but not the B'-C and C-B' tests. Failures were also correlated with time between A'-B' class formation and C-based testing and with the absence of baseline confirmation when training and testing were separated by about one week. Experiment 2 replicated Experiment 1 but presented baseline confirmation probes immediatley prior to testing when training and testing were separated by one week; all participants then formed partially elaborated generalized equivalence classes. In Experiment 3, 5 of 6 participants formed fully elaborated generalized equivalence classes, represented as A' = B' = C'.     

大学生特质焦虑与网络成瘾的关系:一个有调节的中介模型

通过对530名大学生的问卷调查,考察特质焦虑、压力知觉、未来时间洞察力和网络成瘾之间的关系。结果发现：（1）压力知觉在特质焦虑和网络成瘾之间起部分中介作用,特质焦虑既对网络成瘾产生直接影响,也通过压力知觉产生间接影响;（2）未来时间洞察力对压力知觉的中介作用起调节作用,压力知觉对网络成瘾的影响随着个体未来时间洞察力的增加而减少。大学生特质焦虑、压力知觉、未来时间洞察力和网络成瘾共同构成一个有调节的中介模型。     

父母教养方式与中学生学业倦怠的关系:自我概念的中介作用

以社会认知理论为基础,使用父母教养方式、自我描述问卷和学业倦怠问卷对1201名中学生进行施测,探讨了中学生父母教养方式、自我概念和学业倦怠之间的关系。研究发现:(1)积极的父母教养方式与学业倦怠及其三维度呈显著负相关,与学业、非学业自我概念呈显著正相关;消极的父母教养方式与学业倦怠呈现显著正相关,与学业、非学业自我概念显著负相关;学业、非学业自我概念与学业倦怠及其三维度都具有显著负相关;(2)学业自我概念与非学业自我概念在积极、消极父母教养方式与学业倦怠关系间起部分中介作用。     

课业负担对学校生活满意度的影响:学校氛围的多水平调节作用

课业负担对学校生活满意度有重要影响,但是学校氛围对课业负担的多水平调节作用少有研究涉及。在发展系统理论的基本框架下,本研究构建了一个多水平的调节模型,同时考察学校氛围中不同水平的变量对学生学校生活满意度的影响及其作用机制。以20155名五、八年级学生为研究对象,本研究采用学生知觉的师生关系及校长知觉的学生士气、教师士气、学生消极行为、教师负面状态来考察学生和校长对学校氛围的评价。多水平模型分析发现:(1)在控制了年级、性别、城乡后,课业负担对学校生活满意度仍有显著的消极影响;(2)课业负担对学校生活满意度的负向影响,随学生知觉的师生关系和校长知觉的学生士气的变好而减弱。研究结果有利于从发展系统理论及相互作用的视角理解学校氛围的作用,"减负"不仅要确实减少学生的课业负担,也要重视学校中其他环境变量的综合影响。     

小学生图形推理策略个体差异

选取一至六年级儿童145名为对象,根据项目中图形关系的规则,把瑞文测验的项目分成6类,选择出14道题目为实验材料,探讨小学生图形推理策略的个体差异.结果发现,数学能力不同的小学生在解决简单图形推理问题时,基本上使用知觉算法策略,没有表现出差异.但在较难图形推理问题时差异显著,中高数学水平儿童主要使用分析策略和知觉分析策略;而低数学水平儿童基本上使用知觉匹配策略;除了格式塔类型的题目以外,推理水平高的儿童在解决这五类题目时主要使用分析策略和知觉分析策略,而推理水平低的儿童主要使用知觉匹配策略;推理水平高的儿童在解决较为简单的图形推理问题时的策略使用很集中,随着题目难度的加大,策略变得越来越分散,而推理水平低的儿童则无论题目难易如何变化,他们的策略主要使用知觉匹配策略,而且表现出随机性特点.     

Improving adolescents' standardized test performance: An intervention to reduce the effects of stereotype threat

Standardized tests continue to generate gender and race gaps in achievement despite decades of national attention. Research on “stereotype threat” (Steele & Aronson, 1995) suggests that these gaps may be partly due to stereotypes that impugn the math abilities of females and the intellectual abilities of Black, Hispanic, and low-income students. A field experiment was performed to test methods of helping female, minority, and low-income adolescents overcome the anxiety-inducing effects of stereotype threat and, consequently, improve their standardized test scores. Specifically, seventh-grade students in the experimental conditions were mentored by college students who encouraged them either to view intelligence as malleable or to attribute academic difficulties in the seventh grade to the novelty of the educational setting. Results showed that females in both experimental conditions earned significantly higher math standardized test scores than females in the control condition. Similarly, the students—who were largely minority and low-income adolescents—in the experimental conditions earned significantly higher reading standardized test scores than students in the control condition.     

中小学生交往成败结果的归因分析

从小三、初二、高二随机选择有效被试406名,探讨了中小学生对交往成败结果的归因和期望特点。结果表明：中小学生对交往成败有不同的原因认知;成败结果差异显著;成功后的期望显著地高于失败情境。     

青少年学生自我价值感全国常模的制定

自我价值感是个体自我中对人的认知、情绪和行为具有弥漫性影响的一个重要方面 ,也是影响人的心理健康水平的重要方面。本文的目的是使用自编的青少年自我价值感量表建立青少年学生自我价值感(SW )全国常模。对在全国各省市分层随机抽取的 34715大中学生测量结果的方差分析表明 ,在大部分自我价值感维度上 ,存在显著的年级差异和性别×年级交互作用效应。据此给出了男女学生的自我价值感年级常模 ,并进行了常模等级分转换。文中还讨论了青少年学生自我价值感特点。