汉语儿童的语音加工技能与其单词朗读技能的关系研究

以121名小学五年级学生为被试,采用测验法,考察了汉语儿童的语音技工技能与其英文单词朗读技能的关系。结果表明:语音加工技能的三种成分均能够对英文单词朗读技能产生影响,其中,语音意识对单词朗读技能具有重要影响,快速命名能力和语音工作记忆也能够对单词朗读技能产生影响。     

一般流体智力的结构与老化机制--结构方程模型的比较

近年来一般流体智力的认知结构与老化机制已成为认知研究中的一个热点。本研究通过结构方程模型探讨了认知加工速度、工作记忆、注意能力与一般流体智力的联系,结果表明：加工速度、控制性注意是一般流体智力的主要认知成分,工作记忆并非一般流体智力的认知成分,两者之间足共变关系。加入年龄因子的结构方程模型也证实了加工速度和控制性注意是一般流体智力老化的重要中介因子。     

虚拟现实购物网站的等级深度与宽度关系研究

为研究虚拟现实表征方式下,网上购物系统等级结构的宽度与深度特征对用户信息行为的影响,本文在实验室环境下研究了三种结构方式(8 6 1、16 3 1、4 4 3 1),结果初步发现:对于虚拟现实购物网站(或系统的虚拟现实表征方式),宽度的增加所带来的对用户信息搜索速度的损害大于深度的增加对用户信息搜索速度的损害,这与对二维表征方式下的既有研究结果相反;而且虚拟现实系统的8 6 1结构方式更容易带来用户的迷失。     

视觉加工速度、瞬间信息整合特征与汉语学习困难

采用因素实验设计,通过与正常学生与听力损伤学生对比实验研究,探讨汉语学习困难学生视觉加工速度和视觉瞬间信息整合的特征。结果表明:(1)汉语学习困难学生存在基本视觉加工速度不足以及汉语语言文字视觉加工的特异性困难;(2)汉语学习困难学生需要更长时间整合瞬间视觉信息,从而影响了其加工的速度;(3)适当延长视觉刺激整合的时间,可以有效提高其视觉加工的效率。这些结果对改善学生的汉语学习困难具有一定的指导意义。     

Cultural difference in maladaptive functions of perfectionistic self‐presentation

Perfectionistic self‐presentation (PSP), which describes an expressive aspect of perfectionism in the interpersonal domain, is a defensive form of perfectionism that has been relatively understudied. Although existing evidence obtained from Western societies has consistently shown maladaptive functions of PSP, the question of whether these patterns are universal remains unanswered. The current research explored the potential moderating effect of culture by evaluating whether the negative influence of PSP is weaker in Asian societies that encourage the use of defensive interpersonal strategies than in Western societies. Two studies recruiting Chinese and North American participants were conducted. In Study 1 (n = 302), the results showed that the relation between PSP and personal mastery was positive among Chinese participants and was negative among North American participants. In contrast, a positive relation between PSP and perceived constraints was observed in both cultures. Study 2 (n = 295) replicated the findings obtained in Study 1. In addition, the findings showed that the relation between PSP and self‐esteem, but not that between PSP and depression, was moderated by participants’ cultural backgrounds. Taken together, these results indicate both universal and culturally specific patterns regarding the influence of PSP, suggesting that PSP is a complex construct.     

Do attentional capacities and processing speed mediate the effect of age on executive functioning?

The executive processes are well known to decline with age, and similar data also exists for attentional capacities and processing speed. Therefore, we investigated whether these two last nonexecutive variables would mediate the effect of age on executive functions (inhibition, shifting, updating, and dual-task coordination). We administered a large battery of executive, attentional and processing speed tasks to 104 young and 71 older people, and we performed mediation analyses with variables showing a significant age effect. All executive and processing speed measures showed age-related effects while only the visual scanning task performance (selective attention) was explained by age when controlled for gender and educational level. Regarding mediation analyses, visual scanning partially mediated the age effect on updating while processing speed partially mediated the age effect on shifting, updating and dual-task coordination. In a more exploratory way, inhibition was also found to partially mediate the effect of age on the three other executive functions. Attention did not greatly influence executive functioning in aging while, in agreement with the literature, processing speed seems to be a major mediator of the age effect on these processes. Interestingly, the global pattern of results seems also to indicate an influence of inhibition but further studies are needed to confirm the role of that variable as a mediator and its relative importance by comparison with processing speed.     

Executive functioning and memory as potential mediators of the episodic feeling-of-knowing accuracy

The study focused on the cognitive determinants of the accuracy of feeling-of-knowing (FOK) judgments made on episodic memory information. An individual differences approach was used on a sample of healthy older adults assessed on an episodic FOK task and on several neuropsychological measures. At a global level of analysis of FOK accuracy, the contributions of four general cognitive processes--episodic memory, executive functioning, fluid intelligence and processing speed--were examined concurrently. Stepwise regression analyses showed that executive functioning accounted for the major part of variance on FOK accuracy, followed by a significant contribution of episodic memory. After controlling for executive and memory involvement, fluid intelligence and processing speed no longer accounted for significant variance. At a more detailed level of analysis of FOK accuracy, the contributions of three specific executive processes--shifting, updating and inhibition--were assessed. The results revealed shifting function as the primary executive process engaged in the production of accurate FOK judgments in episodic memory. Some hypotheses are put forward to better understand the central role of executive functioning in the production of accurate FOK judgments.     

Academic Processing Speed Mediates the Influence of Both Externalizing Behavior and Language Skills on the Academic Skills of Students with Emotional Disturbance

The results from previous research suggest that there is a relatively small (albeit statistically significant) relationship between the externalizing behavior and academic skills of students with emotional disturbance (ED). Researchers have also found that the majority of these students have language deficits that hinder their academic performance. The purposes of this study were to investigate the mediating role of academic processing speed (i.e., academic fluency) on the relationship between: (a) The externalizing behavior and academic skills of K-12 students with ED; and (b) language skills and academic skills of students with ED. Results indicate that academic processing speed mediated the influence of both language skills and externalizing behavior on academic skills of this population. The findings, limitations, and implications were discussed.     

青少年自伤网络展示的动机及其影响

自我伤害行为是一种复杂且危险的心理病理行为,它会给个体的身心带来不同程度的损害。自伤是在多种因素的共同作用下产生,且在青少年中发生率最高。随着互联网的普遍使用,网络已经成为青少年生活中不可或缺的部分,近年来研究者开始关注到青少年的自伤网络展示行为。研究显示,许多自伤青少年会在网络上展示自己的自伤行为;个体一般是在多种动机的作用下对自己的自伤行为或经历进行展示;这些展示的内容既可能会让更多的人模仿或强化自伤,也可能会为自伤者提供社会支持,有助于他们减少自伤行为。     

两种呈现速度下整字及声旁命名

问题与方法：探讨在快、慢速两种速度呈现条件下,声旁的组字频率和使用频率在整字和部件识别中的作用。结果表明,命名整字时在两种呈现条件下声旁的两类频率都表现在易化作用;命名声旁则依赖于加工时间：快速呈现刺激时声旁组字频率有抑制作用,慢速呈现刺激时声旁使用频率有易化作用。声旁命名任务中,速示条件下其组字频率作用突出,非束示条件下其使用频率更突出。呈现速度在声旁命名时与声旁两类频率有交互作用,但在数字命名时没有。