语音意识、快速命名与中文阅读

本研究考察了语音意识、快速命名与中文阅读的关系．一系列回归分析发现．语音意识对中文读字、中文默字和快速阅读理解的解释量大于快速命名。快速命名先进入方程时对一分钟读字有更大的解释量。控制发音速度对一分钟读字的影响后,快速命名和语音意识对一分钟读字的解释量减小。这些结果说明．与语音意识相比,快速命名对中文阅读有独立的、微弱的影响。文章讨论了语音意识和快速命名与中文阅读的关系,并根据实验结果分析了快速命名的认知结构。     

Compassion at the mirror: Exposure to a mirror increases the efficacy of a self-compassion manipulation in enhancing soothing positive affect and heart rate variability

We tested whether a mirror could enhance the efficacy of a self-compassion manipulation in increasing soothing positive affect and heart rate variability (HRV). Eighty-six participants generated four phrases they would use to soothe and encourage their best friend. Second, they described an episode where they criticized themselves and were assigned to one of three conditions: (a) repeat the four phrases to themselves while looking at the mirror; (b) repeat the four phrases to themselves without the mirror; (c) look at themselves in the mirror without repeating the phrases. Participants in condition (a) reported higher levels of ‘soothing’ positive affect and HRV compared to participants in conditions (b) and (c). The effect of the ‘phrases at the mirror’ manipulation on soothing affect was mediated by increased common humanity. The mirror enhances the efficacy of this self-compassion manipulation in activating the soothing affect system connected with parasympathetic nervous system activity.     

特里尔社会应激测试(TSST)对唾液皮质醇分泌的影响

特里尔社会应激测试(Trier Social Stress Test: TSST)是国外应用广泛的社会心理应激测试手段, 然而还没有研究对其在中国的适用性进行报告。本研究以健康大学生为被试, 分别采用主观应激报告(简明心境量表和5点量表)和客观应激参数(心率和唾液皮质醇)为指标, 探讨TSST在中国的适用情况以及性别因素对个体在TSST应激情境中的影响。结果发现, TSST诱发了中国被试显著的应激反应, 在经历了TSST情境后, 被试主观报告紧张水平增加, 同时心跳加速, 唾液皮质醇水平增加。即使女性被试主观报告紧张与不安的程度显著高于男性, 但是男性和女性在TSST应激情境下的心跳和唾液皮质醇指标没有差异。研究结果提示, TSST在中国被试中具有良好的适用性, 可以利用其开展与社会心理应激相关的研究。男女被试在与成就动机相关的应激源(例如, TSST)中的客观应激参数差异不明显。     

Human variable ratio performance

The generality of the mathematical principles of reinforcement (MPR) was tested with humans. In Experiment 1A, participants’ mouse clicks were reinforced according to a series of variable-ratio (VR) values. In one condition, a situated task was used (searching for treasure on a map presented via a PC monitor); in the other, abstract version of the task, participants clicked on a white screen. Under the “map” condition, response rates increased with increasing ratio value before decreasing with further ratio increases; under the “no-map” condition, response rates decreased linearly from a peak at the smallest ratio. In Experiment 1B, the pattern of responding was confirmed under the “map” conditions using a different set of ratio values. In Experiment 2, reinforcer magnitude was manipulated using the “map” context. Response rates did not differ significantly when large rather than small cash reinforcers were delivered according to a VR 30 but were significantly higher when large rather than small cash reinforcers were delivered according to a VR 120. Together these experiments offer qualified support for extending MPR to the behavior of human participants.     

Reward Influence on the Heart: Cardiovascular Response as a Function of Incentive Value at Five Levels of Task Demand

This study examined cardiovascular effects of incentive value in men and women confronted with cognitive challenges that were more and less difficult to meet. Participants performed computer memory tasks varying in difficulty from low to high, with instructions that they could earn chances toward a $100 prize or $10 prize by attaining a 90% success rate. Analysis of cardiovascular responses assessed during work revealed an interaction between difficulty and incentive value for heart rate. Participants' heart rate responses were proportional to task difficulty and unaffected by incentive value in all conditions except for the most difficult one. Where difficulty was greatest, $100 participants showed relatively high heart rate responsiveness, whereas $10 participants showed low heart rate responsiveness. This heart rate finding corroborates and extends cardiovascular results from previous experiments, and lends further support to the view that cardiovascular responses will be proportional to incentive value only under some task conditions.     

Repeated,within‐session resurgence

Resurgence is a reliable, transient effect that only occasionally is replicated more than once within a single experiment or subject. In the present experiments, within‐session resurgence was generated repeatedly by dividing individual sessions into three phases (Training, Alternative‐Reinforcement, and Resurgence‐Test). In Experiments 1 and 2, resurgence reliably occurred in most of the 22‐30 daily sessions when responding was reinforced on, respectively, fixed‐ and variable‐interval schedules. Resurgence magnitude and duration did decrease across replications for some subjects, but not for others. To examine the utility of the procedure in studying the effects of an independent variable on resurgence, in Experiment 3 the effects of rich and lean baseline and alternative reinforcement rates on resurgence were compared. The target response was eliminated more rapidly, resurgence occurred more often, and usually was greater following rich alternative reinforcement rates. Resurgence was of greater magnitude when the baseline reinforcement rate was relatively lean compared to the alternative reinforcement rate. These experiments provide a reliable method for generating resurgence within individual sessions, instead of across multiple‐session conditions, that can be repeated over many successive sessions.     

Reinforcer quality matters: A test of the Mathematical Principles of Reinforcement with domestic hens (Gallus gallus domesticus)

This study evaluated the ability of Killeen's (1994) Mathematical Principles of Reinforcement to account for the effects of changes in reinforcer quality on hens' rates of responding on fixed‐ratio schedules. Hens were trained to peck a key on a fixed‐ratio schedule of reinforcement and then experienced an ascending series of ratio values in two separate conditions. In different conditions, the food reinforcer was either wheat or puffed wheat. Response rates initially increased with increases in ratio requirement before eventually decreasing at larger ratios. Quantitative fits of the model accounted for the data well. The fits revealed that different foods were systematically associated with changes in the specific activation parameter, a, and these were consistent with previous reports of preference for those food items.     

孕妇家庭亲密关系的差序格局及其对焦虑、抑郁情绪的影响

通过两个研究探索孕妇家庭亲密关系的差序格局及其对焦虑、抑郁情绪的影响。研究一,采用自我参照R/K范式探索孕妇家庭亲密关系的差序格局; 研究二,采用问卷调查法探索孕妇家庭亲密关系对其焦虑、抑郁情绪的影响。结果表明:(1)孕妇家庭亲密关系的差序格局核心为自我参照和配偶参照,母亲参照、父亲参照和子女参照居于第二位,婆婆参照、公公参照居于第三位;(2)孕妇的自我参照水平影响自身焦虑情绪,配偶参照水平影响孕妇的抑郁情绪。     

Evolving conformity: Conditions favouring conformist social learning over random copying

There is a growing interest in the relative benefits to the learner of the different social learning strategies used to transmit information between conspecifics, and in the extent to which they require input from individual learning. To date, theoretical models have tended to examine the success of particular strategies in relation to specific parameters or circumstances. This study employs individual-based simulations to derive the optimal proportion of individual learning that co-exists with random copying and conformist social learning strategies in populations experiencing wide-ranging variation in levels of environmental change, reproductive turnover, learning error, and individual learning costs. Predictions derived from the literature – that optimal levels of individual learning will be higher for both strategies when the rate of environmental change is higher, and when reproductive turnover and individual learning costs are lower, are supported. Contrary to the theoretical prediction, optimal levels of individual learning are sometimes higher under higher levels of learning error, particularly when reproductive rates are low. Results for the two strategies are qualitatively similar, but demonstrate numerous parameter combinations under which random copying is fitter than conformist social learning. Contrary to established expectations, the strategy employing the lesser proportion of individual learning is not always the fittest.