THE EFFECT OF CHANGES IN CRITERION VALUE ON DIFFERENTIAL REINFORCEMENT OF LOW RATE SCHEDULE PERFORMANCE

The differential reinforcement of low rate (DRL) schedule is commonly used to assess impulsivity, hyperactivity, and the cognitive effects of pharmacological treatments on performance. A DRL schedule requires subjects to wait a certain minimum amount of time between successive responses to receive reinforcement. The DRL criterion value, which specifies the minimum wait time between responses, is often shifted towards increasingly longer values over the course of training. However, the process invoked by shifting DRL values is poorly understood. Experiment 1 compared performance on a DRL 30‐s schedule versus a DRL 15‐s schedule that was later shifted to a DRL 30‐s schedule. Dependent measures assessing interresponse time (IRT) production and reward‐earning efficiency showed significant detrimental effects following a DRL schedule transition in comparison with the performance on a maintained DRL 30‐s schedule. Experiments 2a and 2b assessed the effects of small incremental changes vs. a sudden large shift in the DRL criterion on performance. The incremental changes produced little to no disruption in performance compared to a sudden large shift. The results indicate that the common practice of incrementing the DRL criterion over sessions may be an inefficient means of training stable DRL performance.     

When head is tempered by heart: Heart rate variability modulates perception of other-blame reducing anger

This study examined the relationship between heart rate variability (HRV), as an index of individual differences in emotion regulation, and perception of other-blame, as a mechanism of anger induction. The physiological responses were recorded while subjects read a story from a computer screen. The story narrated a negative event in self-referred way -dismissal from a job as the result of a colleague’s action- under conditions of intentionality versus non-intentionality. Cognitive and emotional variables were assessed by questionnaire immediately after the physiological test. The resulting structural model supports the conclusion that HRV exerts its regulatory influence directly on perception of other-blame rather than on emotion. In situations of intentionality, individuals with higher HRV make less extreme evaluation of the offender’s blame, versus those with lower HRV, thus leading to a reduction in anger reaction. These results suggest that HRV is a direct index of cognitive rather than emotional regulation.     

奖惩线索条件下内外倾个体的自主唤醒和行为反应

将停止信号任务和金钱激励延迟任务相结合,使用16导生理记录仪记录被试的生理指标,探讨内外倾者在动机凸显情景下的生理唤醒特点以及反应调节能力。结果发现,隐含奖励和惩罚线索呈现之后,内外倾者的心率增快,内倾者的皮肤电活动显著增强。在停止信号任务中的优势反应阶段,内外倾者表现为对奖励凸显线索刺激的反应时缩短;而在非优势反应阶段,和外倾者相比较,内倾者的抑制反应错误率增高。表明内外倾者在奖惩线索条件下表现出不同的生理唤醒特点和行为反应。     

Quantity judgments of sequentially presented food items by capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella)

Recent assessments have shown that capuchin monkeys, like chimpanzees and other Old World primate species, are sensitive to quantitative differences between sets of visible stimuli. In the present study, we examined capuchins’ performance in a more sophisticated quantity judgment task that required the ability to form representations of food quantities while viewing the quantities only one piece at a time. In three experiments, we presented monkeys with the choice between two sets of discrete homogeneous food items and allowed the monkeys to consume the set of their choice. In Experiments 1 and 2, monkeys compared an entirely visible food set to a second set, presented item-by-item into an opaque container. All monkeys exhibited high accuracy in choosing the larger set, even when the entirely visible set was presented last, preventing the use of one-to-one item correspondence to compare quantities. In Experiment 3, monkeys compared two sets that were each presented item-by-item into opaque containers, but at different rates to control for temporal cues. Some monkeys performed well in this experiment, though others exhibited near-chance performance, suggesting that this species’ ability to form representations of food quantities may be limited compared to previously tested species such as chimpanzees. Overall, these findings support the analog magnitude model of quantity representation as an explanation for capuchin monkeys’ quantification of sequentially presented food items.

心算应激与特质焦虑、应对风格的关系

选取38名大学生为被试,采用BIOPAC多导生理记录仪,探讨心算应激对不同人格特质和应对风格的大学生心率（HR）、心率变异性（HRV）及皮肤电反应（GSR）的影响。实验采取2（人格特质：特质焦虑、非特质焦虑）×2（应对风格：注重情绪的应对、注重问题的应对）×3（实验阶段：基线期、任务期、恢复期）的三因素混合设计,要求所有被试经历5分钟的基线期、10分钟的心算任务期和5分钟的恢复期。结果表明：（1）特质焦虑的个体和注重情绪应对的个体在心算应激后的短时间内难以恢复到基线期的生理水平;（2）特质焦虑且注重情绪应对的个体在HR、HF、LF/HF及GSR上表现出明显强的反应性和弱的恢复性;（3）非特质焦虑且注重问题应对的个体在HF和GSR上表现出明显弱的反应性,在LF/HF和GSR上表现出明显强的恢复性。     

Gender‐related differences in neonatal imitation

Socio‐emotional behaviour is in part sex‐related in humans, although the contribution of the biological and socio‐cultural factors is not yet known. This study explores sex‐related differences during the earliest communicative exchange, the neonatal imitation in 43 newborn infants (3–96 hours old) using an index finger extension imitative gesture. Results showed that although the experimenter presented comparable stimuli to both sexes, and the total number of movements was similar in boys and girls, girls showed more fine motor movements, a higher number of specific imitative gestures, responded faster during the imitation and showed a higher baseline heart rate during the experiment. Newborn girls, with their faster and more accurate imitative abilities, may create a more responsive and interactive social environment, which in turn may lead to differences in socio‐emotional and cognitive development between girls and boys. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

网络旗帜广告的记忆效果

由于人们对网络旗帜广告效果的质疑,在网络广告的计费方式上也出现了两种计价模式,分别为按照浏览率和点击率来计量广告效果。其本质问题在于单纯浏览是否能够产生广告效果,以及浏览和点击各自所能带来的广告效果差异有多大。本研究利用模糊测量及相应统计方法,就上网者对网络旗帜广告的记忆效果进行测量。结果显示,在单纯浏览的情况下,上网者对网络旗帜广告已经留有印象,但这种记忆效果并不随着浏览次数的增加而显著改善;点击所能带来的广告记忆效果约为单纯浏览对应效果的1.4~1.5倍     

胰头癌外科治疗体会

总结提高胰头癌手术切除率、手术技巧和治疗效果的经验。回顾性分析自2003年9月起收治的39例胰头癌病人的临床资料,术中采用解剖性探查、蚊式钳勾划技术,对36例病人全部一次性行胰十二指肠切除术(PD)。手术切除率92.31%,剥离出的癌灶侵犯血管壁的断缘组织中镜下见到癌细胞25.93%,淋巴结转移率47.22%;胰周神经节、丛侵犯率55.56%,并发症发生率25.00%。解剖性探查、蚊式钳勾划技术的应用显著提高胰十二指肠切除率。     

试析内隐学习的材料敏感性

在人工语法范式、序列反应时任务范式以及复杂系统控制任务范式中，内隐学习对学习材料的难度及复杂度、材料性质、材料呈现方式等较为敏感。具体表现为难度和复杂程度较高的学习材料，以及形象性较突出的学习材料，更适合内隐学习，而使材料结构特点变得明显的呈现方式不利于内隐学习。然而，内隐学习的材料敏感性在其它范式上的普遍性有待进一步的实验研究。     

政策环境对实现残疾人康复服务的影响

根据《上海市残疾人"人人享有康复服务"评价指标体系》,采用综合评价法,对上海市6个区残疾人康复工作进行评价。研究发现,残疾人康复政策环境实现率为96.3%,5个二级指标实现率均超过80%,三级指标达标率63.3%。应明确残疾人康复工作的重要性,将残疾人康复纳入政策工作计划,各区残疾人康复政策环境建设应协调平衡发展。