3~5岁幼儿自我控制能力结构研究

运用验证性因素分析的方法得出我国3~5岁幼儿自我控制能力结构由自制力、坚持性、自觉性和自我延迟满足四个维度组成,四个维度之间既相互独立又相互联系.依据验证的结果设计了两个幼儿自我控制的现场实验,将实验结果与问卷结果相比较,二者存在着高度的一致性,问卷具有良好的信度和效度.     

加减法心算老化研究

以223名60～85岁老年人及30名大学生作为被试,对加减心算能力的老化过程进行研究。任务为加减法及加减法的组合,包括有：单加、单减、先加后减、先减后加、连加及连减。结果表明,年龄与心算类型存在明显的交互作用。单加及单减两种最基本的心算能力对其它类型心算成绩的作用,在不同年龄段表现不同：对于大学生,单加起主要影响作用,而对于老年人,单减起主要影响作用。     

我国3～6岁儿童个性类型及发展特点的研究

该文在以往中国儿童个性结构研究基础上,以问卷调查（n=927）方式,将层次聚类和迭代聚类两种方法结合起来,同时采用理论分析等方法最终确定我国3～6岁儿童的个性类型包括认可型、矛盾型、拒绝型及中间型四类。其中认可型属于积极个性类型,矛盾型和拒绝型属于消极个性类型。研究表明,中班到大班阶段是幼儿个性发展相对重要的时期。男女幼儿在多个个性维度及大部分具体特质方面存在着明显的性别差异。     

关于自身记忆信念的年龄差异

记忆老化信念是元记忆研究的一个重要研究领域。本研究测量了94名老年人,38名年轻人记忆老化信念中关于自身记忆信念。结果发现,各年龄组间在对特定情境记忆能力信念上有差异,60～64岁、65～69岁年龄组被试对特定情境记忆能力评价最高,而70岁以上老年人与年轻组被试对特定情境上记忆能力评分无差异;年轻人对记忆的控制感要低于各组老年人;研究并没有发现被试在一般记忆能力信念上的年龄差异。     

自闭症幼儿的视觉性自我认知实验研究

通过对平均心理年龄为23个月的6名自闭症幼儿的实验研究．甄别他们是否能从视觉上进行自我与他人的分化认知并进一步探索自闭症幼儿对镜像自我认知与录像自我认知上的差异;以秒为单位．对实验结果和过程进行了编码分析。结果表明：这6名幼儿在看自己的录像时,比看同伴的表现出更多的关注和喜悦;对录像的自我进行认知寸表现出更大的关注和积极情绪。由此推断他们已具有初步的自我认知。     

Delivering Parent-Child Interaction Therapy in an Urban Community Clinic

Extensive evidence supports the efficacy of Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) for reducing behavior problems in young children; however, little is known about the use of PCIT in a community mental health center (CMHC). This paper provides four clinical case examples of families who were referred to and successfully completed PCIT in an urban CMHC. The families were ethnically and socioeconomically diverse and presented with a wide range of treatment concerns and needs (e.g., autism, severe maternal psychopathology, involvement in child protective services, and complex family configurations) in addition to disruptive behavior. Our data and clinical observations suggest that PCIT decreased behavior problems, improved parent-child interactions, and, in some cases, reduced parental stress, with differing levels of change across families. Overall, the cases demonstrate that PCIT can be transported into a CMHC, and they illustrate supplemental services or minor accommodations to the established treatment protocol used to address individual family needs. Issues regarding the balance between fidelity and flexibility in transporting PCIT to a community setting are discussed, and future research topics are recommended.     

Interventions for Midlife Smoking Cessation: A Literature Review

Midlife smoking continues to be a problem in Australia, with substantial personal, social, and financial costs. Yet the specific characteristics and needs of this group have been largely overlooked. Here we review the literature for the purposes of (1) profiling the characteristics of midlife smokers and (2) assessing the effectiveness of interventions for this group. This review shows midlife smokers differ from younger smokers in important ways: they underestimate the costs of smoking and overestimate the benefits, and are less confident in their ability to quit. The few studies investigating age‐tailored interventions have shown these to be effective in reducing midlife smoking. Still, research in this area is limited, with only one study conducted during the past decade that investigated smoking interventions for those in midlife. Clearly there is a need for smoking cessation interventions for midlife smokers that are tailored to the specific beliefs and needs of this unique group. Future research should focus on establishing the best methods for interventions for those individuals who are resistant to earlier interventions and still continue smoking into midlife. Interventions may benefit from incorporating recent evidence about the less obvious costs associated with midlife smoking, including later‐life neurological disease.     

词汇获得年龄效应的眼动研究

采用两个实验考察了获得年龄因素在汉语词汇识别中的作用。实验一采用经典的词汇判断任务考察了获得年龄和词频因素在词汇判断中的作用,结果发现获得年龄和词频两个因素均影响词汇识别。实验二采用阅读句子任务,通过实时记录的眼动追踪技术进一步考察了在有语境的情况下,获得年龄和词频因素在词汇加工中的作用。结果发现,在阅读句子任务中,词汇获得年龄和词频因素都在词汇加工中起作用,二者存在交互作用,晚获得词存在词频效应。两个实验的结果均支持了在汉语词汇识别中,存在获得年龄效应。     

损益框架和损益概率对不同年级儿童风险决策的影响

摘 要 为探讨任务框架和自信水平对不同年级儿童风险决策的影响,采用3（年级：二/四/六年级）×2（任务框架：获益/损失）×2（自信水平：过度自信/自信不足）的组间实验设计,在情境性实验任务中探查177名儿童风险决策的发展特点。结果表明：（1）不同年级儿童在风险决策中表现出不同的发展特点,二年级儿童比六年级儿童更倾向于冒险,而四年级前后则是儿童风险决策发展的关键期、转折期;（2）儿童风险决策中存在框架效应,表现出偏好反转现象,与在获益情境下更偏好于保守决策相比,在损失情境下的儿童更偏好冒险决策;（3）自信水平并未对儿童的风险决策产生影响。