Comparing implicit and synaesthetic number–space associations: Visuospatial and verbal spatial–numerical associations of response codes

In the theory of the mental number line, number, and space are implicitly associated, giving rise to the spatial–numerical association of response codes (SNARC) effect, in which smaller numbers are more readily associated with the left side of space and larger numbers with the right, during a parity judgement task. Others, however, have argued that the SNARC effect is flexible and better explained by verbal rather than spatial associations. A few single-case studies on the SNARC effect have tested number–space synaesthetes, who make explicit associations between number and space. Here, we present data from experiments conducted on groups of synaesthetes and nonsynaesthetes on the classic SNARC parity judgement task with lateralized response keys and a modified version in which they responded to labels appearing on screen. Synaesthetes' behaviour was expected to differ from nonsynaesthetes' behaviour due to the explicit, fixed nature of their number–space associations, but both experiments show the two groups behaving in the same way, indicating that parity judgement tasks may not be tapping the same representation of number that gives rise to synaesthetic number–space experiences.     

同伴关系与攻击行为稳定性的关系研究

研究采用同伴提名法、友谊质量问卷和班级戏剧量表,对430名小学3至5年级的儿童进行了为期一年的追踪调查,在此基础上考察了攻击行为的不同发展轨迹与同伴关系之间的联系.结果表明,不同的攻击行为发展轨迹在社会喜好上的主效应显著,但是在友谊质量上的差异不显著,具体来说:(1)不同外部攻击亚组之间在社会喜好变化趋势上存在显著差异,相对于先低后高组、持续高组和持续低组,先高后低组的社会喜好存在显著的上升趋势;相对于持续低组和持续高组,先低后高组存在显著的下降趋势.(2)不同关系攻击亚组之间在社会喜好变化趋势上存在显著差异,相对于先高后低组、持续低组和持续高组,先低后高组的社会喜好得分存在显著的下降趋势.     

幼儿能力判断发展特点研究

本研究以62名3~6岁儿童为被试,考察了幼儿在不同任务中对自身和他人能力判断的发展特点。结果表明:(1)幼儿对自身或他人能力判断的准确性随着年龄的增长而提高;(2)幼儿对他人能力判断并不比对自身能力判断更准确,随着年龄的增长,幼儿开始对自身能力做出更加积极的判断;(3)幼儿能够明确区分愿望与预期,不过当幼儿对自身能力进行判断时这种区分不容易显现出来。     

心理距离对大学生职业决策偏好的影响

职业决策对大学生职业生涯发展具有重要意义。心理距离作为个体决策的重要影响因素之一,是否也影响着大学生的职业决策偏好？研究通过4个实验,采用2（心理距离：远、近）*2（性别：男、女）混合实验设计,以大学生为研究对象,探讨了心理距离（空间距离、时间距离、社会距离、假设性）和性别对职业决策偏好的影响。研究发现：(1)大学生在心理距离远的情境下更偏好选择稳定、职业声望高的职业;在心理距离近的情境下更偏好选择薪资高、专业对口的职业。（2）空间距离、时间距离、社会距离近的情境下,男大学生比女大学生更偏好选择薪资高、专业对口的职业。     

Intelligence and Extraversion in the neural evaluation of delayed rewards

Temporal discounting (TD), the preference for earlier, smaller rewards over delayed, larger rewards, is a pervasive phenomenon that covaries with Big Five personality traits and Intelligence (IQ). This study provides novel insight by identifying correlates for IQ and Extraversion in the neural representation of TD preferences. An intertemporal choice task was employed, where offers were sequentially presented, distinguishing between one evaluation phase (first offer is presented) and one comparison phase (second offer is presented and values are compared). IQ correlated with responses of caudate nucleus to the subjective values of the offers, suggesting a role of cognitive abilities in modulating reward responses. Extraversion correlated with the strength of functional connectivity of a reward evaluation network centered on ventromedial prefrontal cortex.     

超文本与线性文本中元理解判断的比较

通过实验考查超文本和线性文本情境中元理解判断的异同。采用2×3的混合设计,让被试先阅读文章,然后完成元理解判断任务。结果说明,文本组织结构对细节题成绩预测和推理题成绩预测的判断值具有调节作用,超文本的非线性结构降低了元理解判断的相对准确性。     

Development and Preliminary Feasibility Testing of a Decision Support Tool for Childhood Anxiety Treatment

In this practical application, we describe the steps to build a decision-support tool using GeNIe 2.1 software. The method incorporates principles of decision analyses and allows for a systematic strategy to balance treatment efficacy data with patient preferences. We illustrate the utility for helping clinicians and patients choose between two or more efficacious treatment options (CBT, medication, or their combination). Preliminary pilot data from families (n = 5) seeking services at a specialty clinic for childhood anxiety disorders support the usability of the tool and high patient satisfaction. We use case examples and sample graphical output to illustrate how the decision-support system can be used to integrate data on (a) baseline symptom severity, (b) the relative effectiveness of two or more treatment options, and (c) patient preferences and values, to arrive at a personalized treatment recommendation. The decision-support tool enabled child and parent preferences to be explicitly stated and facilitated discussions about how best to incorporate their preferences into an evidence-based treatment strategy.     

A Survey of Rewards for Teens: Extension and 25-Year Follow-Up

Extant reward surveys and item preferences assessments have shown to be a reliable mode of ascertaining potential reinforcers for various populations; however, many are outdated and may comprise of items or rewards that contemporary populations may not value. The purpose of this research is to extend upon the Houlihan, Jesse, Levine, and Sombke (1991 Houlihan, D., Jesse, V. C., Levine, H. D., &; Sombke, C. (1991). A survey for use with teenage children. Child &; Family Behavior Therapy, 13(1), 1–11.[Taylor &; Francis Online], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]) Survey of Rewards for Teens (SORT) and assess whether there is evidence of a potential, generational shift in reward preferences in high school students from 1991 to 2016. This inquiry is of particular importance to behavior analysts due to the idiosyncratic nature of reward preference, a tendency for rewards to shift over time, and the salient role played by rewards in behavior therapy programs. Results suggest that the reward preferences of contemporary high school students differ when compared to the sample of adolescents in Houlihan et al. (1991 Houlihan, D., Jesse, V. C., Levine, H. D., &; Sombke, C. (1991). A survey for use with teenage children. Child &; Family Behavior Therapy, 13(1), 1–11.[Taylor &; Francis Online], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]) study. In addition, a proposed revision of the SORT is provided, whose development was derived based on the resulting component structure from a principal components analysis (PCA) and inspection of component psychometric properties.     

Dissecting the expanded cognitive reflection test: an item response theory analysis

This study presents a psychometric evaluation of the Expanded Cognitive Reflection Test (CRT7) based on item response theory. The participants (N?=?1204) completed the CRT7 and provided self-reported information about their cognitive styles through the Preference for Intuition and Deliberation Scale (PID). A two-parameter logistic model was fitted to the data to obtain the item difficulty and discrimination parameters of the CRT7. The results showed that the items had good discriminatory power (αs?=?.80 ? 2.92), but the range of difficulty was restricted (βs ranged from ?.60 to .32). Moreover, the CRT7 showed a pattern of correlations with the PID which was similar to that of the original CRT. When taken together, these results are evidence of the adequacy of the CRT7 as an expanded tool for measuring cognitive reflection; however, one of the newer items (the pig item) was consistently problematic across analyses, and so it is recommended that in future studies it should be removed from the CRT7.