Testing equality of correlated proportions with incomplete data on both responses

Two test statistics are proposed for testing the equality of two correlated proportions when some observations are missing on both responses. The performance of these tests in terms of size and power is compared with other tests by means of Monte Carlo simulations. The proposed tests are easily computed and compare favorably with other tests.     

SEXUALITY, RATIONALITY, AND SPIRITUALITY

Abstract. Historical progress has largely been described in terms of the power to order social and ecological realities according to the interests of a few. Their concepts, images, and metaphors have transmitted knowledge (both explicit and tacit) that has come to be regarded as received wisdom. This kind of power, which has shaped (as well as described) history, has belonged primarily to men; whereas women's nature and, accordingly, their power have been defined primarily in terms of sexuality. Men's control of women's sexuality is therefore the source of the disqualification of women as free agents-that is, as significant participants in, say, scientific and religious meaning-giving processes. Thus morality requires reevaluation of our assumptions about human nature. Most importantly, it demands that female sexuality be considered within the context of rationality and spirituality.     

A comparison of severalk sample tests for ordered alternatives in completely randomized designs

The importance of appropriate test selection for a given research endeavor cannot be over-emphasized. Using samples drawn from eleven populations (differing in shape, peakedness, and density in the tails), this study investigates the small sample empirical powers of ninek-sample tests against ordered location alternatives under completely randomized designs. The results then are intended to aid the researcher in the selection of a particular procedure appropriate for a given endeavor. To highlight this an industrial psychology application involving work productivity is presented.Research was supported in part by the Scholastic Assistance Program, Baruch College. The author wishes to thank Professors Matthew Goldstein, Shulamith Gross, David Levine, and Edward Wolf for their helpful comments when writing this paper. In addition, the author wishes to thank the referees and editor for their useful suggestions for improving the paper.     

Undermatching on concurrent variable-interval schedules and the power law.

The phenomenon of undermatching on concurrent variable-interval schedules is shown to be derivable by transforming the individual interreinforcement intervals of each variable-interval schedule and averaging the transformed values to produce an "estimate" of the rate of reinforcement the schedules deliver. If the transformation is based on a power function with a fractional exponent, such as is found in many studies of temporal control in animals, matching response rations to the ratios of these estimated rates of reinforcement yields undermatching. If the concurrent variable-interval schedules are arranged such that the individual intervals in each schedule have a constant proportionality (a procedure found in many commonly used variable-interval schedules) the slope of the line relating logarithms of response ratios and of programmed reinforcement ratios is identical to the exponent of the power transformation applied to the individual time intervals in the variable-interval schedules. In other cases this simple relation does not hold but the degree of undermatching is greater the lower the value of the exponent of the power function. This account of undermatching predicts values similar to those typically observed.     

A FEELING FOR THE FUTURE: THE PROCESS OF CHANGE AS EXPLORED BY FRED. L. POLAK AND BARBARA McCLINTOCK

Abstract. Fred. L. Polak explored the mechanisms of social change in terms of “future—visions” held by a community. The future, says Polak, participates actively in the present, providing part of the context within which today's decisions are made. Barbara McClintock acquired her insights in maize genetics by developing “a feeling for the organism.” New insights, she maintains, emerge through a mutual relationship between researcher and subject. Though scholars in different fields, both acknowledge the power of images in the creative process. There is a difference in the extent to which each scientist perceives this power to be available to create new ideas.     

NATURE AS THE IMAGE OF GOD: REFLECTIONS ON THE SIGNS OF THE SACRED

Abstract. This is a brief survey of aspects of the modern scientific view of nature to see if implied therein are signs or traces of the sacred–as early religious apprehension surely supposed. Nature's power and order are discussed as is the strange dialectic of death and life, evident in modern biology as it also is in all early religion.     

The role of structural consistency between categories and attributes in hierarchical category learning

This study investigated how consistency between categories and attributes determines attribute selection in hierarchical category learning. Participants learned six categories for which number and color were equally relevant attributes, followed by a transfer task, to test which attribute was used. Before that, half of them learned embedding higher-level categories for which numbers were likely to be used. Orthogonal to this factor, the hierarchical structure was made explicit for half of them by category labels. The results showed that participants used numbers in the prior learning, but that the use of numbers was inhibited in the subsequent six-category learning task. However, this inhibitory effect was reduced when the hierarchical structure was explicit. The pattern of results suggests that attribute selection is determined by structural consistency between categories and attributes, not by a prior use of an attribute.     

情绪线索对儿童定义与评价“白谎”的影响

本研究运用图画—故事法探讨了交往意图不明确条件下 ,“听话者情绪反应”这一社会性行为结果对 5、7、9岁儿童定义和评价白谎的影响作用。结果表明 ,所有儿童能准确评定“听话者情绪反应”,内容分析发现 7、9岁儿童能运用“听话者情绪反应”信息 ,但情绪反应线索却未影响儿童对“白谎”的定义与道德评价。     

中介效应检验程序及其应用

讨论了中介变量以及相关概念、中介效应的估计；比较了检验中介效应的主要方法；提出了一个检验程序，它包含了依次检验和Sobel检验。该程序检验的第一类和第二类错误率之和通常比单一检验方法小，既可以做部分中介检验，也可以做完全中介检验。作为示范例子，引入中介变量研究学生行为对同伴关系的影响。