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571.
Maury Nation Alessio Vieno Douglas D. Perkins Massimo Santinello 《Journal of community & applied social psychology》2008,18(3):211-232
We explore the development of bullying and victimization in school by investigating 11‐, 13‐ and 15‐year‐olds' sense of interpersonal empowerment with parents, friends and teachers. A national sample of 4386 male and female students from 243 middle and secondary schools in Italy were surveyed. Boys were more likely than girls to be bullies and more likely to have been a bully/victim. Victimization and the likelihood of being both a bully and a victim declined with age. Bullying increased with age among boys whereas for girls it was slightly more prevalent at age 13 than ages 11 or 15. The sense of empowerment students experience with their teachers decreased in the older cohorts. Disempowered relationships with teachers consistently predicted bullying behaviour. Higher social competence was reported by 13‐ and 15‐year‐old bullies. Chronically bullied students had lower social competence in all age cohorts. Otherwise, predictors of victimization varied by age: 11‐year‐old victims felt less empowered by their teachers; 15‐year‐old victims reported more difficulties in negotiating cooperative relationships with parents. Bullies in all cohorts and younger bully/victims feel less empowered by their teachers. These findings suggest that students who are disempowered by teachers may either compensate by oppressing (bullying) peers or generalize the power differential with peers (become a victim). Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
572.
Nick Hopkins 《Journal of community & applied social psychology》2008,18(4):363-368
Identities are constructed and contested. This means they may be re‐worked to support more inclusive visions of who belongs and on what basis. However, identity construction does not take place in a vacuum, and social psychological analyses of change need to address the contextual dynamics that shape the processes and outcomes of dialogue. This requires attention to processes of power. Furthermore, we need to consider minority group members' understandings of these processes. From the perspective of the disadvantaged, dialogue may be experienced as disempowering because it is viewed as compromising group members' capacities to organize themselves to pursue strategies of social change. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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研究对优生、差生与其父母围绕数学问题解决而展开的沟通过程进行观察,并采用量表法测量其感受到的认知和情绪压力,以考察两变量之间的关系及优、差生在两者得分上的差异。结果发现:(1)优生无论在沟通行为次数上,还是在沟通行为类型上都表现出一些积极特征;(2)优生的二级认知压力显著高于差生,一级认知压力和情绪压力显著低于差生;(3)督促、指责等消极沟通行为都与一级认知压力和情绪压力存在正相关,而积极沟通行为,如方法指导等则与一级认知压力、情绪压力呈显著负相关;一级认知压力与正确提议比例之间存在显著负相关。 相似文献
575.
阈上和阈下不同情绪线索对返回抑制的影响 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
为检验返回抑制是否受线索生物学意义的调节, 分别在实验一和实验二中以阈上和阈下不同情绪效价(高兴、生气和中性)的面孔为外源性线索, 变化同时提示位置的多寡, 要求被试对靶子尽可能快而准地作探测反应。实验一发现, 三种线索情况下均出现返回抑制且效应量无显著差异; 实验二发现, 线索为中性面孔时出现返回抑制, 线索为高兴和生气面孔时未出现返回抑制。说明返回抑制受线索生物学意义的调节。阈下线索的生物学意义(情绪效价)能得到自动加工, 从而影响空间注意的转移和返回抑制机制的功用; 阈上线索的情绪效价被清晰感知时, 自上而下的注意控制机制使线索的生物学意义被忽略, 从而阻碍情绪效价功能的发挥。 相似文献
576.
构建医患会话的合作原则 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
通过对门诊医患会话的现场调查,发现经典的合作原则并不完全适用于门诊医患会话。这是因为医患会话中医生和患者之间存在着信息和权势两方面的不对称。为了适应新型的医患关系,在经典合作原则的基础上构建了医患会话的合作原则,以期规范和指导现实的医患会话。 相似文献
577.
A person fit test based on the Lagrange multiplier test is presented for three item response theory models for polytomous
items: the generalized partial credit model, the sequential model, and the graded response model. The test can also be used
in the framework of multidimensional ability parameters. It is shown that the Lagrange multiplier statistic can take both
the effects of estimation of the item parameters and the estimation of the person parameters into account. The Lagrange multiplier
statistic has an asymptotic χ2-distribution. The Type I error rate and power are investigated using simulation studies. Results show that test statistics
that ignore the effects of estimation of the persons’ ability parameters have decreased Type I error rates and power. Incorporating
a correction to account for the effects of the estimation of the persons’ ability parameters results in acceptable Type I
error rates and power characteristics; incorporating a correction for the estimation of the item parameters has very little
additional effect. It is investigated to what extent the three models give comparable results, both in the simulation studies
and in an example using data from the NEO Personality Inventory-Revised. 相似文献
578.
Past research has pointed to two contrasting mechanisms behind feeling‐of‐knowing judgments (FOKs). The trace‐based account proposes a direct internal monitor that detects the presence or non‐presence of a target item. The inferential account dictates that judgments are actually based on cues external to the memory trace, such as familiarity; FOKs could therefore be based on sometimes misleading information. Thus, while a direct mechanism will lead to good learning strategies (i.e. successful searches), an inferential process could potentially lead to less optimal strategies (i.e. search for unknown target information). The question posed in this research was: What processes underlie the judgments children make prior to fully retrieving a target item? We used a simplified version of Reder and Ritter's (1992 ) game show paradigm to investigate the accuracy (and mechanism) of children's initial FOKs. The experiment found that initial FOKs were largely driven by familiarity of the cues. These data have important implications for strategies children utilize in educational settings. 相似文献
579.
Mahmoud Khatami 《Topoi》2007,26(2):221-229
Imagination has always been a mysterious issue for modern philosophy and psychology. In this paper, however, I will not deal
with modern theories of imagination; instead, I will suggest an alternative notion of imaginal power by stepping back toward
Persian illuminative thought within which we may glimpse a hint of a transcendent concept of imagination as the source of
human subjectivity and its power to create the object and the world. My objective here is to extend some noetic aspects of
this concept and extract further conclusions theoretically. To this end, I will first introduce a brief account of the noetic
characteristic of the Illuminationist perspective of the imagination, then I outline aspects of its efficiency which may shed
some light on the modern debate on the subject and its relation to the object.
相似文献
Mahmoud KhatamiEmail: |
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