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401.
Luke O’Sullivan 《Philosophia》2008,36(4):429-452
This paper argues that the identity of history as a discipline derives from its distinctive combination of intellectual assumptions,
or categories. Many of these categories are shared with other fields of thought, including science, literature, and common
sense, but in history are understood in a unique way. This paper first examines the general notion of categories of historical
understanding, then scrutinises some of the specific categories suggested by classic authors on the philosophy of history
such as Dilthey and Collingwood. More recent works by Goldstein, Oakeshott, Bevir, and Tucker are treated as contributions
to the same discussion. It concludes that the various categories these writers have proposed are neither trivial nor incompatible
and that when collated they do indeed compose a framework capable of characterising historical thought.
相似文献
Luke O’SullivanEmail: |
402.
Komarine Romdenh-Romluc 《Synthese》2008,163(2):145-156
The traditional account (TA) of first-person thought draws conclusions about this type of thinking from claims made about
the first-person pronoun. In this paper I raise a worry for the traditional account. Certain uses of ‘I’ conflict with its
conception of the linguistic data. I argue that once the data is analysed correctly, the traditional approach to first-person
thought cannot be maintained. 相似文献
403.
Research concerning the spatial dimension fit (tight versus loose) has been based on a tacit but untested assumption that the dimension fit is symmetrical, with tight- and loose-fitting relations highlighting the dimension fit with equal force. We propose a reformulation, documenting that adult speakers of English (Experiment 1) and Korean (Experiment 2) are sensitive to the dimension fit, but that their representation is asymmetric, with tight-fitting events highlighting fit with greater force than loose-fitting events. We propose that sensitivity to the dimension fit is more resilient than has previously been suggested, and that the asymmetry documented here provides a foundation upon which to pursue nuanced questions about the relationship between language and our underlying representations of space. 相似文献
404.
Using principal component analysis, we examined whether structural properties in the time series of response time would identify different mental states during a continuous performance task. We examined whether it was possible to identify regular patterns which were present in blocks classified as lacking controlled processing, either behaviourally (as a failure to withhold a response to a target) or subjectively (as an off task report at a thought probe). Principal component analysis identified three components present in response times accounting for 58.8% of the variance in the data. Of these components, the second largest factor showed two features that implied it was a marker for mind wandering. First, it was stronger under slow relative to fast stimulus presentation conditions, and so paralleled the distribution of mind wandering reports. Second, it was more powerful prior to behaviour markers of mind wandering (failures in response inhibition) and less powerful prior to reports of task focused thinking (on task reports). Taken together, the use of principal components analysis on response times seem a viable tool for differentiating different mental states and so could help identify the neural substrates which underpin mind wandering and other subjective states. 相似文献
405.
孟子和苟子分别以“性善论”和“性恶论”为教育思想的道德基础。在教育方法上孟子强调由内而外,“反求诸己”的自我教育;而苟子强调外在的礼义教化,“隆礼”、“尊师”。他们教育的目的都是为了实现儒家的“仁政”。 相似文献
406.
陈立先生撰写《平话心理科学向何处去》一文蕴涵着丰富的方法论价值与深邃的人文关切,对于活跃当今中国心理学的发展具有不可低估的意义。谨以该文纪念陈立先生,进而引发相关的一些思考,以期对中国心理学的健康发展有所裨益。 相似文献
407.
408.
There is considerable evidence that labeling supports infants' object categorization. Yet in daily life, most of the category exemplars that infants encounter will remain unlabeled. Inspired by recent evidence from machine learning, we propose that infants successfully exploit this sparsely labeled input through “semi‐supervised learning.” Providing only a few labeled exemplars leads infants to initiate the process of categorization, after which they can integrate all subsequent exemplars, labeled or unlabeled, into their evolving category representations. Using a classic novelty preference task, we introduced 2‐year‐old infants (n = 96) to a novel object category, varying whether and when its exemplars were labeled. Infants were equally successful whether all exemplars were labeled (fully supervised condition) or only the first two exemplars were labeled (semi‐supervised condition), but they failed when no exemplars were labeled (unsupervised condition). Furthermore, the timing of the labeling mattered: when the labeled exemplars were provided at the end, rather than the beginning, of familiarization (reversed semi‐supervised condition), infants failed to learn the category. This provides the first evidence of semi‐supervised learning in infancy, revealing that infants excel at learning from exactly the kind of input that they typically receive in acquiring real‐world categories and their names. 相似文献
409.
陈友三 《医学与哲学(人文社会医学版)》2008,29(11):4-5
辩证思维是最普遍适用、最重要的科学思维方法之一,医学影像诊断的各个方面均适用及应用着辩证思维。运用辩证思维能帮助分析疾病繁杂的外在表现,从而深刻认识疾病的本质,使影像诊断的结论更为准确和合理。 相似文献
410.
随着疾病谱和死亡谱的改变,生物医学模式逐渐地不能满足医学发展的需要,取而代之的是生物-心理-社会医学模式.生物医学模式向生物-心理-社会医学模式的转变,是医学思维方式从单纯的还原论走向整体综合辩证思维的必然结果.因此,疾病病因的内涵及病因推断方法也相应地发生变化. 相似文献