用ROC评价AFP、VEGF和瘦素对HCC的诊断价值

用受试者工作特性曲线（ROC）对184例HCC患者和73例健康对照者的血清AFP、VEGF、Lep及三者联合检测结果进行评价。结果显示：AFP、VEGF、Lep测定结果在两组资料间比较均有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。HCC患者的AFP、VEGF、Lep与三者联合检测在ROC曲线下面积分别为0．902、0．841、0．712和0．952。AFP、VEGF、Lep对HCC的临床诊断临界点分别为25ug／L、25lng／L和15ug／L。因此,AFP、VEGF、Lep三者联合检测可显著提高对HCC诊断的灵敏度和有效性,优于AFP、VEGF、Lep的单项检测。     

Alpha synchronization as a brain model for unconscious defense: An overview of the work of Howard Shevrin and his team

Howard Shevrin and his team have developed a stringent subliminal priming methodology, which experimentally approximates a situation of an internal, mental triggering of unconscious defense. Through a series of four studies they thus are able to bring evidence for this type of unconscious defense. With event‐related potentials, three clinical studies show how synchronization of a specific brain wave, the alpha wave, known for its inhibitory function, is also induced by subliminally presented conflictual subject‐specific stimuli. Therefore, alpha synchronization could serve as the brain mechanism of unconscious defense. The results only make sense if we suppose the existence of a dynamic unconscious, which has inherited childhood conflicts, and with privileged connections to neurotic symptom characteristics. Moreover, by showing that the unconscious conflict phrases, inferred by clinicians from clinical interviews, have a similar brain behavior, Shevrin and his team provide evidence that these inferences are not simply clinician‐dependent subjective interpretations but also imply some form of independent mental reality. Finally, interpretation of the results has led us to propose two distinct physiological mechanisms for defense: one, unconscious defense, by alpha synchronization in connection with the drive derivatives, and another, repression, based on the indications of reality in connection with the ego.     

Trait Emotional Intelligence,Self‐Reported Affect,and Salivary Alpha‐Amylase on Working Days and a Non‐Working Day

This study examined the relationship between trait emotional intelligence (EI) and variation in psychological (positive affect: PA, negative affect: NA) and psychophysiological (salivary alpha‐amylase: sAA) indicators among Japanese employees over 3 consecutive days (working day 1, non‐working day, working day 2). The analyses revealed that higher trait EI was associated across the days with higher PA, but not with NA. Moreover, diurnal sAA levels were lower in the high trait EI group than in the low trait EI group on the intervening non‐working day, and this difference between the EI groups continued to show a tendency to significance on working day 2. The results indicate that higher EI may be related to the preservation of higher levels of PA and lower levels of sympathetic activity in recovery in the naturalistic condition.     

计时和计数的相似与差异

计时指判断时距的长短, 计数指辨别刺激呈现数目的多少。研究者发现计时和计数具有相似性, 表现在类似的基本原理, 对时间和数目的记忆都受到时间延迟的影响, 跨通道效应类似, 而且药物对它们的影响一致。模式控制模型认为计时和计数共享同一机制, 量值理论的观点是时间和数目等不同维度具有部分重叠的同一表征形式。计时和计数都激活了前额、顶叶、小脑等区域, 但两者在行为结果和激活的脑区上也有部分差异。计时和计数具有同一表征还是两者独立加工, 只在对比反应阶段存在共同机制仍需要进一步研究。     

Providing therapy to children and families in foster care: a systemic-relational approach

Foster care is a system created to protect children from an unsafe home environment yet multiple foster home placements, conflictual or nonexistent relationships between foster parents and birth parents, long, drawn out court battles, and living in an on-going state of not knowing when or if they will be going home are just some of the challenges many children in care are expected to manage. This paper presents a guide for therapists working with families involved in foster care. Utilizing ideas from the postmodern therapies and structural family therapy, suggestions will be provided about who needs to talk to whom about what, when to have these necessary conversations, and how to talk to people in a way that mobilizes adults to take action for the children, with the goal of minimizing postplacement trauma, strengthening and repairing relational bonds, and moving children out of foster care and into permanent homes as quickly as possible.     

A taxonomy of latent structure assumptions for probability matrix decomposition models

A taxonomy of latent structure assumptions (LSAs) for probability matrix decomposition (PMD) models is proposed which includes the original PMD model (Maris, De Boeck, & Van Mechelen, 1996) as well as a three-way extension of the multiple classification latent class model (Maris, 1999). It is shown that PMD models involving different LSAs are actually restricted latent class models with latent variables that depend on some external variables. For parameter estimation a combined approach is proposed that uses both a mode-finding algorithm (EM) and a sampling-based approach (Gibbs sampling). A simulation study is conducted to investigate the extent to which information criteria, specific model checks, and checks for global goodness of fit may help to specify the basic assumptions of the different PMD models. Finally, an application is described with models involving different latent structure assumptions for data on hostile behavior in frustrating situations.Note: The research reported in this paper was partially supported by the Fund for Scientific Research-Flanders (Belgium) (project G.0207.97 awarded to Paul De Boeck and Iven Van Mechelen), and the Research Fund of K.U. Leuven (F/96/6 fellowship to Andrew Gelman, OT/96/10 project awarded to Iven Van Mechelen and GOA/2000/02 awarded to Paul De Boeck and Iven Van Mechelen). We thank Marcel Croon and Kristof Vansteelandt for commenting on an earlier draft of this paper.     

UNDERSTANDING THE CONNECTION BETWEEN ATTACHMENT TRAUMA AND MATERNAL SELF‐EFFICACY IN DEPRESSED MOTHERS

Maternal self‐efficacy predicts sensitive and responsive caregiving. Low maternal self‐efficacy is associated with a higher incidence of postpartum depression. Maternal self‐efficacy and postpartum depression can both be buffered by social support. Maternal self‐efficacy and postpartum depression have both been linked independently, albeit in separate studies, to the experience of violent trauma, childhood maltreatment, and spousal abuse. This study proposed a model in which postpartum depression mediates the relation between attachment trauma and maternal self‐efficacy, with emotional support as a moderator. Participants were 278 first‐time mothers of infants under 14 months. Cross‐sectional data were collected online. Mothers completed questionnaires on attachment trauma, maternal self‐efficacy, postpartum depression, and emotional support. A moderated mediation model was tested in a structural equation modeling framework using Mplus’ estimate of indirect effects. Postpartum depression fully mediated the relation between trauma and maternal self‐efficacy. Emotional support moderated only the pathway between postpartum depression and maternal self‐efficacy. Attachment trauma's implications for maternal self‐efficacy should be understood in the context of overall mental health. Mothers at the greatest risk for low maternal self‐efficacy related to attachment trauma also are those suffering from postpartum depression. Emotional support buffered mothers from postpartum depression, though, which has implications for intervention and future research.     

LPN新／旧效应与汉字颜色来源提取的关联

已有研究表明,前额皮层在诸多种类来源的提取任务中起着重要作用,但不同记忆内容的来源提取研究存在不同的结果。为探索与汉字颜色来源提取相关联的头皮时空分布特征,本研究运用与Cycowicz等人(2001,2003,2005)相似的研究范式,以汉语名词作为实验材料,研究了颜色来源提取新/旧效应的头皮时空分布特征。结果显示,汉语名词在650~950ms存在与Cycowicz等人图形研究中相似的颜色来源提取的LPN新/旧效应。该结果表明,汉字的颜色来源提取与非言语材料一样,也与LPN新/旧效应相关联。     

不同植骨方式应用于退行性腰椎滑脱症后路手术的疗效分析

为了比较后路椎间植骨融合(posterior lumber interbody fusion,PLIF)、后外侧植骨融合(posterolateral lumbar fu-sion,PLF)及二者联合运用(PLIF+PLF)在退行性腰椎滑脱症后路手术中的疗效,对59例退行性腰椎滑脱症患者根据手术中植骨方式分为三组,回顾三组患者的临床资料,比较三种植骨融合方式手术时间、术中出血量、椎间隙高度、滑脱角、植骨融合率以及JOA评分改善率.结果显示:B组(PLF)的植骨融合率低于A组(PLIF)及C组(PLIF+PLF).在椎问隙高度维持、滑脱角丢失等方面A组优于B组(P<0.05),并且与C组无差异(P>0.05).在手术时间及术中出血量方面A组优于C组(P<0.05),并且与B组无差异(P>0.05).JOA评分改善率比较,三组间无显著性差异(P>0.05).因此,得出结论:PLIF和PLF均是退行性腰椎滑脱症后路手术中的有效融合方式;PLIF及PLIF+PLF的融合率优于PLF;综合分析PLIF应用于退行性腰椎滑脱症后路手术中优于PLF及PLIF+PLF.     

Bayesian model selection of informative hypotheses for repeated measurements

When analyzing repeated measurements data, researchers often have expectations about the relations between the measurement means. The expectations can often be formalized using equality and inequality constraints between (i) the measurement means over time, (ii) the measurement means between groups, (iii) the means adjusted for time-invariant covariates, and (iv) the means adjusted for time-varying covariates. The result is a set of informative hypotheses. In this paper, the Bayes factor is used to determine which hypothesis receives most support from the data. A pivotal element in the Bayesian framework is the specification of the prior. To avoid subjective prior specification, training data in combination with restrictions on the measurement means are used to obtain so-called constrained posterior priors. A simulation study and an empirical example from developmental psychology show that this prior results in Bayes factors with desirable properties.