Dual effects of implicit bystanders: Inhibiting vs. facilitating helping behavior

Encouraging consumers to engage in helpful behavior is a perennial task of marketers in non-profit and for-profit organizations. Recent research suggests that merely imagining the presence of others can lead to less helping behavior on a subsequent unrelated task (Garcia, S.M., Weaver, K.D., Moskowitz, G.B., and Darley, J.M. (2002). Crowded minds: The implicit bystander effect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83, 843–853.). The present analysis uncovers the boundary conditions of this effect. Across four studies, we establish that the degree to which a group situation fosters public scrutiny is an important moderator. When group primes are paired with public scrutiny, their inhibitive effect on helping behavior diminishes, and helping behavior on a subsequent task tends to increase. The present research thus adds complexity to previous findings by suggesting that implicit bystanders can both decrease and increase helping behavior.     

Social Influence on Political Judgments: The Case of Presidential Debates

Four experiments investigated the extent to which judgments of candidate performance in presidential debates could be influenced by the mere knowledge of others' reactions. In Experiments 1 and 2 participants watched an intact version of a debate or an edited version in which either "soundbite" one-liners or the audience reaction to those soundbites were removed. In Experiment 3 participants saw what was supposedly the reaction of their fellow participants on screen during the debate. Participants in Experiment 4 were exposed to the reactions of live confederates as they watched the last debate of an active presidential campaign. In all studies, audience reactions produced large shifts in participants' judgments of performance. The results illustrate the power of social context to strongly influence individuals' judgments of even large amounts of relevant, important information, and they support the categorization of presidential debates as ambiguous stimuli, fertile ground for informational social influence.     

身体映像影响因素的生态系统分析

身体映像对个体的身心发展有重要的意义, 对它的研究在近20年来更是如火如荼地发展。根据布朗芬布伦纳的生态系统理论, 从微系统(父母、同伴、伴侣)、外系统(媒体)、宏系统(社会文化)以及处于系统中的个体因素四个方面, 对影响身体映像的因素进行初步的分类和归纳, 为身体映像的干预措施提供参考。     

论民族道德与政治道德

民族道德与社会政治道德具有不可分割的关系。一般说来,民族道德易受制于政治道德,而民族道德又会反作用于政治道德,同时,民族道德与政治道德作为一种有联系的精神实体,又会在相互影响、相互作用的过程中协调发展。     

Influence in canonical correlation analysis

The perturbation theory of the generalized eigenproblem is used to derive influence functions of each squared canonical correlation coefficient and the corresponding canonical vector pair. Three sample versions of these functions are described and some properties are noted. As particular applications, the influence function of the squared multiple correlation coefficient and influence functions of eigenvalues and eigenvectors in correspondence analysis are obtained. Three numerical examples are briefly discussed.We thank the Editor and the anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments. This research was carried out with the financial support of the Italian Ministry of the University and the National Research Council.     

组织决策的影响力分布特征及中英比较

本研究深入分析了组织内部各层次及外部机构对 1 8项决策的影响力。结果指出 :①我国企业存在着四种高层管理与中层管理的决策分工协作模型 ,即高层主导决策、中层自主决策、共同决策及层次决策模型 ,这说明我国企业中层管理的作用得到了加强 ,他们对决策的影响高于英国企业。②中国企业中 ,工人和基层管理的影响力普遍较小 ,尤其是在短期决策上 ,他们的影响力显著地小于英国企业。③中、英两国企业工会的影响力都很小 ,没有显著差别。但是从阻止力上分析 ,英国企业工会的作用显著地大于中国企业。这说明阻止力是一种独特的影响决策的方式 ,需要进一步的研究。     

影响被告人供述的因素及其对策的研究

以１９５名执法人员和１８５名服刑犯人为被试,采用问卷法研究了影响被告人供述的因素以及相应的对策建议。结果表明：（１）有１０种因素被认为对被告人未能形成供述动机有影响作用,有９种因素被认为对被告人形成如实供述动机有影响作用,其中,执法人员所认为的影响作用基本上都比服刑犯人所认为的要大,同时,双方具有各自的倾向性;（２）有１５种因素被认为对愿意供述的被告人未能如实供述可能存在影响作用,其中６种因素确实有一定的影响;（３）有９种对策被普遍认为对解决被告人不愿供述问题有效,有１０种对策被认为对解决愿意供述的被告人未能如实供述的问题有效,同时,执法人员和服刑犯人在关于对策有效性的评价上具有互补性。     

Moral growth in medical students

Although students bring to medical school a fairly well established value system, the potential for moral growth through the medical school environment and experience is substantial. The educational environment poses a succession of developmental and adaptive tasks to be accomplished. Several of these tasks are discussed here, tasks that are value-laden and involve, directly or indirectly, the interplay of ethical theory and practice. During the past quarter century, the two influences that have had the greatest impact on the moral growth and moral reasoning capacity of medical students have been the incorporation into the medical school curriculum of courses in medical humanities and the admission to medical school of an increasing number of female students. The female students have brought to medical school a level or dimension of moral reasoning (morality as care or responsibility for others) to augment the male students' focus on rights and justice considerations.     

Designing road safety interventions for young drivers – The power of peer influence

Peer passengers are associated with risky driving behaviour and increased collision rate in young drivers, but the mechanism by which young drivers are influenced by their peers is not well understood. Here we report two studies that explore the effect of peer influence on young drivers. The first explored the relationship between susceptibility to peer influence and young drivers’ engagement in risky driving behaviour. 163 young drivers completed self-report measures of risky driving behaviour and susceptibility to different forms of peer influence. Results showed that young drivers who were influenced by their peers to attain social prestige and through peers intervening in their decisions committed more driving violations. The second study sought to utilise the susceptibility of young drivers to peer influence by using peers to design and deliver a safety intervention, following the ‘U in the Driver Seat’ model from the US. When compared to a traditional fear appeal and a control, the peer intervention group reported safer attitudes and intentions to drive safely at follow-up. Together these studies provide insight into how peers influence young drivers’ risky behaviour, and support the notion of using peer education tools in young driver safety interventions.     

从《周易参同契》看易学在道教中的传播与影响

<周易参同契>作为道教易学的重要代表作,其最重要的特色是会归"大易"、"黄老"和"炉火"三家之理,借<周易>言黄老说炼丹.本文将<周易参同契>置于汉代易学的背景下,从黄老道家哲学与道教仙学的发展中,来探讨<周易参同契>如何托<周易>卦爻象为象征符号来隐喻金丹道之内涵,以展示易学在道教中的传播与影响.