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961.
Jörg Schimmel 《Journal of Happiness Studies》2009,10(1):93-111
This paper examines to what extent the concept of happiness is complementary to the United Nations Development Program's (UNDP) human development approach in the evaluation of poverty, wealth and development. The deconstruction of UNDP's discourse on and its measurement of these concepts show that its perspective is highly arbitrary. Poverty is exclusively defined as lack and state of ill-being, inferior to wealth regarded as a state of abundance and well-being. Development then becomes a teleological process trying to promote well-being through abundance. Yet, this external perspective of UNDP on well-being is questioned by the subjective perception of the individuals themselves. Happiness studies—which define happiness as the degree to which an individual judges the overall quality of his life-as-a-whole favorably—prove that higher levels of UNDP's development indicators are not necessarily better for subjective well-being. Despite methodological and conceptual problems, happiness studies discover that the individuals' perception of poverty, wealth and development can differ considerably from UNDP's perspective. Increased income, better objective health and higher levels of education do not automatically lead to greater happiness. Furthermore, additional dimensions essential for human happiness are detected by the research, yet not taken into account by UNDP. A country ranking comparison between the two approaches confirms the different visions of well-being. The integration of a happiness indicator in its analysis of poverty, wealth and development is thus indispensable for UNDP in order to correct its analytical and also practical approach to development. 相似文献
962.
Lian Xinda 《Dao》2009,8(3):233-254
The image of the Peng bird, which opens the Zhuangzi text, is not the product of metaphysical reasoning. An inspiring example of soaring up and going beyond, the image is used
to broaden the outlook of the small mind; its function is thus more therapeutic than instructional. With its rich poetic and
experiential content, the image of the Peng refuses to be reduced to an abstract concept, or a mere signifier of certain philosophical
position. Misreading of the image results from any attempt to accurately “size up” its philosophical implication by measuring
it quantitatively against a spectrum of positions and values. To see only the superficial “inconsistencies” in Zhuangzi’s
argument and to read the wind under the Peng’s wings as a handicap that it needs to overcome in order to embark on its “free
and easy wandering” is, in the name of logic and “consistency,” to ignore the big picture Zhuangzi presents. 相似文献
963.
Marchetti G 《Cognitive processing》2009,10(1):7-40
The analysis of time is vitiated very often by circularity: several disciplines, such as psychology, linguistics, and neurosciences,
analyze time by using concepts or terms which already contain in themselves, or are based, on the experience and notion of
time (as when, for example, time is defined as “duration”, or when our ability to estimate durations is explained by resorting
to the notion of an internal clock). Some detailed examples of circularity in the analysis of time are given here and examined.
A way out of circularity is then given: it is represented by the proposal of attentional semantics (AS) of considering words
and their meanings in terms of the aim they serve, and the means and processes developed and implemented in order to achieve
that aim. According to AS, the main aim of words is that of indicating to, and eliciting in, the listener or reader a specific
conscious experience: namely, the conscious experience referred to by their meanings. Words achieve their main aim by conveying
the condensed instructions on the attentional operations one has to perform if one wants to consciously experience what is
expressed through and by them. By describing the conscious experiences elicited by words in terms of the attentional operations
that are responsible for the production of such conscious experiences, AS offers an a-linguistic counterpart to language,
and therefore an effective way out of circularity. Following in footsteps of Mach (Contributions to the analysis of the sensations,
1890), but slightly revising his hypothesis, AS defines time-sensation as the perception of the effort made, or alternatively
the nervous energy expended, by the organ of attention when performing a “temporal activity” (for instance, estimating duration),
that is, when one’s own attention is focused in a continuous and incremental way on the conscious product of the (“non-temporal”)
activity performed by means of another portion of one’s attention.
相似文献
Giorgio MarchettiEmail: Email: |
964.
965.
高唤醒是创伤后应激障碍(PTSD)的主要症状之一, 对创伤后应激障碍的形成与发展起核心作用。急性应激期产生的高唤醒可以预测其后PTSD的回避与麻木、再体验等症状的形成, 在创伤后早期, 降低唤醒程度可以减轻PTSD相关的症状表现。下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺轴异常变化会导致去甲肾上腺素(NE)、促肾上腺皮质激素释放因子(CRF)过度释放, 同时皮质醇(酮)水平下降, 这二者是高唤醒产生与维持的主要原因。另外, 5-羟色胺(5-HT)系统的高度激活也影响了高唤醒的形成。食欲素神经肽与NE、CRF与5-HT系统有密切的神经联系, 可能参与高唤醒的调节, 是近年来研究的一个热点。 相似文献
966.
心算应激与特质焦虑、应对风格的关系 总被引:3,自引:1,他引:2
选取38名大学生为被试,采用BIOPAC多导生理记录仪,探讨心算应激对不同人格特质和应对风格的大学生心率(HR)、心率变异性(HRV)及皮肤电反应(GSR)的影响。实验采取2(人格特质:特质焦虑、非特质焦虑)×2(应对风格:注重情绪的应对、注重问题的应对)×3(实验阶段:基线期、任务期、恢复期)的三因素混合设计,要求所有被试经历5分钟的基线期、10分钟的心算任务期和5分钟的恢复期。结果表明:(1)特质焦虑的个体和注重情绪应对的个体在心算应激后的短时间内难以恢复到基线期的生理水平;(2)特质焦虑且注重情绪应对的个体在HR、HF、LF/HF及GSR上表现出明显强的反应性和弱的恢复性;(3)非特质焦虑且注重问题应对的个体在HF和GSR上表现出明显弱的反应性,在LF/HF和GSR上表现出明显强的恢复性。 相似文献
967.
This investigation applied Zautra and colleagues’ Dynamic Model of Affect (DMA; Zautra: 2003, Emotions, Stress and Health
(Oxford University Press, New York); Reich et al.: 2003, Review of General Psychology 7(1), pp. 66–83) to help understand
resilience among a sample of middle-aged participants coping with the recent death of a spouse or child. We replicated and
extended this model by examining interaffect correlations (individual correlations between negative and positive affect over
time) in resilient versus symptomatic bereaved people. As predicted by the DMA, resilient bereaved had weaker (or less negative)
interaffect correlations than symptomatic bereaved even when controlling for self-reported distress. These findings suggest
that resilient individuals possess a capacity for a more complex affective experience and that this capacity serves a salutary
function in the aftermath of aversive life events.
The research described in this article was supported by a grant from the National Institute of Health, R29-MH57274 (George
A. Bonanno). 相似文献
968.
Maxine Sheets-Johnstone 《Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences》2007,6(3):327-348
This article identifies already existing theoretical and methodological commonalities between evolutionary biology and phenomenology,
concentrating specifically on their common pursuit of origins. It identifies in passing theoretical support from evolutionary
biology for present-day concerns in philosophy, singling out Sartre’s conception of fraternity as an example. It anchors its
analysis of the common pursuit of origins in Husserl’s consistent recognition of the grounding significance of Nature and
in his consistent recognition of animate forms of life other than human. It enumerates and exemplifies five basic errors of
continental philosophers with respect to Nature, errors testifying to a philosophical fundamentalism that distorts the intricate
interconnections and relationships of Nature in favor of a preferred knowledge rooted in ontological reductionism. It shows
that to discover and appreciate the common ground, one must indeed study “the things themselves.”
相似文献
Maxine Sheets-JohnstoneEmail: |
969.
无关声音效应是在对注意与记忆进行研究时所发现的一个现象,有益于探讨噪音等无关声音刺激对个体认知过程、工作绩效及身心健康的影响作用。在简要回顾ISE现象的界定与理论解释争论的基础上,重点从对刺激强度不同的ISE现象之理论分析、应用价值及一些相关的近期研究方面作了介绍,从对ISE现象的理论解释、无关声音刺激的选取、研究方法的综合使用、ISE现象中的个体差异等方面做了展望。 相似文献
970.
Priv.-Doz. Dr. Klaus-Peter Dahle 《Forensische Psychiatrie, Psychologie, Kriminologie》2007,1(2):101-110
Zusammenfassung
Gesetzestexte sehen bei bestimmten strafrechtlichen Entscheidungen die Unterstützung des Richters durch Prognosegutachter
vor. Ihre Aufgabe ist es, die Rechtsentscheidung in ihren prognostischen Aspekten auf eine rationale, wissenschaftlich fundierte
Grundlage zu stellen. Methodisch lassen sich dabei wissenschaftlich fundierte Prognosen auf unterschiedlichen Wegen erstellen.
Der eine Weg beruht auf empirisch gesicherten Erfahrungen über die Rückf?lligkeit von T?tern und über die die Rückfallwahrscheinlichkeit
beeinflussenden Tat- und T?termerkmale. Prognosemethoden nach diesem Modell bemühen sich, diese Erfahrungen auch für individualprognostische
Zwecke nutzbar zu machen. Der andere Weg führt über eine systematische retrospektive Analyse der individuellen Ursachen der
bisherigen Delinquenz des T?ters und schreibt diese individuellen Bezüge prognostisch fort. Prognosemethoden nach diesem Modell
bemühen sich vor allem, den erforderlichen Urteilsbildungsprozess zu systematisieren und eine hinreichende Beurteilungsgrundlage
zu gew?hrleisten. Der vorliegende Beitrag stellt beide Ans?tze in ihren methodischen Grundzügen und wissenschaftlichen Bew?hrungen
vor und diskutiert ihre jeweiligen Vorzüge und Begrenzungen im Kontext der Mindestanforderungen für Prognosegutachten im Strafrecht.
相似文献