儿童在困难情景中的情绪反应

以80名二、五年级儿童为被试,采用临床访谈法,考察在困难情景中儿童的情绪反应,包括情绪类型、情绪表达、表达与否的理由和后继行为。结果表明:1)儿童报告羞愧/伤心多于生气,倾向于表达情绪,在解释是否表达情绪的原因时主要强洞自我保护和强调事实等理由,主要采取改变情景的后继行为。2)儿童倾向于表达生气,不表达羞愧/伤心。3)儿童对情绪反应各变量的认知还存在性别、年级和观众类型的个体差异。     

Losing a training analyst for ethical violations: A candidate's perspective

The author presents her experience as the analysand of a training analyst who was investigated and expelled for ethical violations with another patient, including sexual-boundary violations, during her analytic training. While boundary violations by training analysts are not uncommon, the particular trauma experienced by 'bystanders' such as candidates and supervisees is not discussed in the literature, nor the response of institutes to the educational problems that are generated. The author illustrates the complications for candidates that arise from the dual roles of training analyst as educator and analyst when he or she faces investigation or censure, including isolation and secrecy, which promote various splits in the candidate, analytic dyad and group, as well as loyalty conflicts. The discussion covers three phases of the author's experience as a candidate-analysand, namely the period encompassing the institute's ethics investigation, the announcement of findings to her and to the institute as a group, and the ensuing individual and group dynamics generated by her analyst's expulsion from the institute and revocation of his medical license. Theoretical perspectives are utilized to understand the group regression, including contamination and contagion fears, which occurred in the wake of the training analyst's expulsion, and the impact of these processes on the candidate, including the pressure to function as a 'container' for projections of the group. Implications and recommendations for candidates and institutes are made for dealing helpfully with trainees who are affected by the process of dealing with a training analyst's ethical violations. Short-term and longer-term outcomes of the experience are considered.     

Placing age differences in the context of the Orissa supercyclone: Who experiences psychological distress?

The present study examines the influence of age on anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress of the supercyclone-affected people in Orissa. The data were collected in structured interview sessions 3 months after the disaster struck. Of the 130 interviewees, 65 persons were severely exposed and the rest were mildly exposed to the supercyclone. When the effects of exposure, caste, and gender were controlled, linear effects of age on psychological distress were found to be significant, whereas quadratic effects of age on psychological distress were non-significant. With increasing age, survivors experienced more anxiety, depression and post-traumatic stress. The elderly people were the most vulnerable.     

灾难中的心理危机干预——精神病学的视角

灾难事件是一种特殊类型的生活事件,因其超出个体应对能力,因此灾难事件后常并发一系列的精神卫生问题。急性应激障碍、创伤后应激障碍、抑郁症、自杀是灾后常见精神卫生问题。本文回顾了近年来灾难事件相关精神障碍的研究,并总结了去年发生在我国的两次重大灾难性事件的相关研究结果,从精神病学视角对灾难事件后心理危机干预策略进行了探讨。     

灾难给我们的心理留下了什么？ ——创伤心理的根源及创伤后应激反应的脑机制

创伤是指灾难性或创伤性事件给个体带来的伤害,不仅指身体受伤害,还包括心理伤害。创伤因素引发的强烈的情感反应和心理阴影会形成创伤心理,处理不当会进一步发展成创伤后应激障碍。本文主要从心理学的角度来探讨了创伤性事件引起的创伤心理及其形成的根源和创伤后应激反应的脑机制,最后根据心理学最新的相关研究结果提出干预建议,为有关部门的工作提供一定的参考     

Political Psychology as a Lens for Viewing Traumatic Events

A burgeoning area of scientific inquiry uses psychological perspectives to understand traumatic events. This research has led to the identification of psychological symptoms and disorders frequently experienced in response to traumatic events. Many of the events having traumatic effects on large numbers of persons are of interest to political psychologists. Such events include the Holocaust, war, terrorism, captivity, torture, political migration, living as a political refugee, and assassination. Some interpersonal forms of trauma, such as rape and incest, also may be viewed with a political perspective. Although a number of studies have examined psychological consequences of political events, this area of inquiry is rarely explicitly considered within the domain of political psychology. Adopting an explicitly political psychology perspective on traumatic events may enrich our interdisciplinary understanding of these events and inform the design and evaluation of intervention programs to reduce psychological distress resulting from these events.     

Patterns of change in fairness perceptions during the hiring process: A conceptual replication in a controlled context

The present paper tackles a problem in the candidate reactions literature: the replicability of results that emerge when using in vivo and in vitro designs. The current study was designed to provide a conceptual replication of a dynamic model of change in fairness perceptions during the hiring process, using a different research design, different measures, and a different sample than the original paper. A sample of 209 participants in a simulated selection process reported their level of perceived fairness three times: before the testing, after the testing, and after the results were communicated. These results support the results of the original that the construction of fairness perceptions declines in a nonlinear way over time, with high initial levels of fairness perception corresponding to a lower rate of decline, and vice versa. Further analysis revealed no change in the individuals’ conceptualization of perceived fairness nor any shift in the respondents’ use of the measurement scale (i.e., no beta and gamma change were detected).     

Managerial Recruitment Advertisements – Just How Market Orientated Are They?

There is a wealth of advice offered by ‘experts’ in HRM concerning the content of the effective job advertisement. This study considers whether following such advice would provide the potential job applicant with the information they want and questions the extent to which employers actually heed this advice. It firstly compares the normative guidelines with what potential applicants' for managerial posts consider to be important. A second strand to the analysis examines the extent to which advertising practice mirrors the requirements of the job-seeker market. The results give some solace to recruiters but also demonstrates that there is a long way to go before job advertisements achieve the content that job-seekers require.