不同情感强度正性生活事件的情感和行为反应:多模型的检验和整合

3个实验探讨情感强度不同正性生活事件对个体情感和行为反应的影响。发现:(1)面对复合正性生活事件(1高正+1低正),个体会感觉比面对1个单独的高正性情感强度事件的正性感受更低,出现平均效应,2个正性生活事件不如1个好;进一步研究发现:(2)当复合正性生活事件为异类时,出现平均效应;当事件为同类时,出现累加效应;(3)当复合正性生活事件有明显的时间特点时,个体加工符合峰-终定律的解释。     

创伤事件的痛苦程度对创伤后成长的影响：核心信念挑战的作用

采用创伤事件终身经历问卷—学生版、核心信念量表、创伤后成长评定量表,对3所大学进行问卷调查,探索具体创伤事件痛苦程度与创伤后成长(PTG)的关系,并检验核心信念挑战在其中的中介作用。结果发现：(1)家人患病或死亡类的创伤事件痛苦程度可负向预测PTG,并以核心信念挑战为中介;(2)目睹他人或自身相关的创伤事件痛苦程度和自身受虐待类的创伤事件痛苦程度可正向预测PTG,并以核心信念挑战为中介;(3)自然灾害类的创伤事件痛苦程度和家庭冲突类的创伤事件痛苦程度与核心信念挑战和PTG都无显著相关。因此不同领域的创伤事件痛苦程度引发创伤后成长的可能性不同。     

情绪即社会信息模型述评

情绪即社会信息(EASI)模型提出,个体对他人的情绪信息加工具有两种方式:情感反应与推断加工。认识动机水平及不同的社会情境会影响两种加工的强度,进而影响个体的决策。该模型在谈判、领导者和最后通牒、独裁者博弈研究中获得了直接和间接的实证支持。心理理论与移情的新近神经生理研究成果也有助于深入探索该模型的神经生理基础。该模型具有很强的应用潜力,但形成时间尚短,需要进一步探索并应用到实践领域中去。     

Authoritarian reactions to terrorist threat: Who is being threatened,the Me or the We?

Endorsement of authoritarian attitudes has been observed to increase under conditions of terrorist threat. However, it is not clear whether this effect is a genuine response to perceptions of personal or collective threat. We investigated this question in two experiments using German samples. In the first experiment (N = 144), both general and specific authoritarian tendencies increased after asking people to imagine that they were personally affected by terrorism. No such effect occurred when they were made to think about Germany as a whole being affected by terrorism. This finding was replicated and extended in a second experiment (N = 99), in which personal and collective threat were manipulated orthogonally. Authoritarian and ethnocentric (ingroup bias) reactions occurred only for people highly identified with their national ingroup under personal threat, indicating that authoritarian responses may operate as a group‐level coping strategy for a threat to the personal self. Again, we found no effects for collective threat. In both studies, authoritarianism mediated the effects of personal threat on more specific authoritarian and ethnocentric reactions. These results suggest that the effects of terrorist threat on authoritarianism can, at least in part, be attributed to a sense of personal insecurity, raised under conditions of terrorist threat. We discuss the present findings with regard to basic sociomotivational processes (e.g., group‐based control restoration, terror management) and how these may relate to recent models of authoritarianism.     

Public decisions or private decisions? When the specific case guides public decisions

Educators' differential decisions towards identified single students as compared with unidentified students, or a group of identified students, were examined by presenting educators with educational scenarios describing actual dilemmas from the three different perspectives. The first two studies indicate that willingness to change the existing policy and to [bend the rule] is greater when a dilemma is presented from the specific identified student's perspective than when presented as a general dilemma. The results of the third study suggest that in their decisions regarding an identified individual student, educators allow more changes in school regulations and give less weight to the school needs as compared with their decisions regarding an unidentified student or a group of students. Implications for policy making are discussed. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.