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11.
The hardness and electronic work function (EWF) of a bulk metallic glass, namely Zr41.2Ti13.8Cu12.5Ni10Be22.5, have been studied experimentally, with an emphasis on the effect of heat treatments. The glass was annealed at different time and temperatures, and its hardness and EWF measured using the Rockwell indentation technique and a scanning Kelvin probe system, respectively. It is found that the EWF decreases with annealing time and temperature, whereas the hardness increases. This study shows a close relationship between hardness and EWF, indicating that the EWF could be a sensitive parameter for characterising and investigating the mechanical behaviour of BMG at the electronic level. 相似文献
12.
V. Senthilkumar J. Joseph Prince M. Jayachandran C. Sanjeeviraja 《Philosophical Magazine Letters》2013,93(5):337-347
Antimony-doped tin oxide (ATO) films, approximately 320 nm in thickness, have been prepared by electron beam evaporation onto glass substrates. The films were annealed at temperatures between 400°C and 550°C in air and their structure and surface morphologies were observed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) after the different annealing treatments. XRD patterns of the ATO thin films as-deposited and annealed at 400°C showed that they were amorphous, but annealing beyond 400°C caused the films to become polycrystalline with tetragonal structure and orientated in the (1 1 0) direction. The grain size in the annealed films, obtained from the XRD analysis, was in the range 146–256 Å and this increased with the annealing temperature. The dislocation density, cell volume and strain were found to decrease gradually with increasing annealing temperature. Photoluminescence spectra revealed an intensive blue/violet peak at 420 nm, which increased gradually in height with annealing. It is suggested that an increase in the population of Sb+5 ions might be the reason for the enhancement of the blue/violet emission. The optical properties of the films were also investigated in the UV-visible-NIR region (300–1000 nm). The optical constants, namely the refractive index n and the extinction coefficient k in the visible region were calculated. The optical energy band gap, as determined by the dependence of the absorption coefficient on the photon energy at short wavelengths, was found to increase from 3.59 to 3.76 eV with annealing temperature. 相似文献
13.
Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles have been synthesized by a microwave heating method. The resulting powders were annealed at temperatures from 400°C to 800°C for 4?h. The annealed powders were characterized in terms of their structural, morphological, and optical properties by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and room-temperature photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy, respectively. The XRD patterns of the samples revealed the formation of phase-pure ZnO, apparently without any impurities. However, FT-IR spectra revealed the presence of carboxylate impurities, the signals of which disappear as the annealing temperatures are increased from 400°C to 800°C. SEM pictures showed increasing size ZnO nanoparticles with increase in annealing temperature. The powder annealed at 800°C is identified as hexagonal wurzite ZnO. The improved PL spectral performance of the ZnO powder correlates well with the improved crystalline quality of the nanoparticles, as revealed by the XRD and PL. Sharp ultraviolet (UV) band edge luminescence has been observed at 375?nm, which is suitable for application in UV light emitting devices. The results also showed that the excitation wavelength dependence of the luminescence arises from quantum confinement effects. 相似文献
14.
15.
E.L. Ulungu J. Teghem P.H. Fortemps D. Tuyttens 《Journal of Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis》1999,8(4):221-236
The success of modern heuristics (Simulated Annealing (S.A.), Tabu Search, Genetic Algorithms, …) in solving classical combinatorial optimization problems has drawn the attention of the research community in multicriteria methods. In fact, for large‐scale problems, the simultaneous difficulties of 𝒩𝒫‐hard complexity and of multiobjective framework make most Multiobjective Combinatorial Optimization (MOCO) problems intractable for exact methods. This paper develops the so‐called MOSA (Multiobjective Simulated Annealing) method to approximate the set of efficient solutions of a MOCO problem. Different options for the implementation are illustrated and extensive experiments prove the efficiency of the approach. Its results are compared to exact methods on bi‐objective knapsack problems. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
16.
In this paper, we propose a cluster-MDS model for two-way one-mode continuous rating dissimilarity data. The model aims at
partitioning the objects into classes and simultaneously representing the cluster centers in a low-dimensional space. Under
the normal distribution assumption, a latent class model is developed in terms of the set of dissimilarities in a maximum
likelihood framework. In each iteration, the probability that a dissimilarity belongs to each of the blocks conforming to
a partition of the original dissimilarity matrix, and the rest of parameters, are estimated in a simulated annealing based
algorithm. A model selection strategy is used to test the number of latent classes and the dimensionality of the problem.
Both simulated and classical dissimilarity data are analyzed to illustrate the model. 相似文献
17.
The Local Minima Problem in Hierarchical Classes Analysis: An Evaluation of a Simulated Annealing Algorithm and Various Multistart Procedures 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
Hierarchical classes models are quasi-order retaining Boolean decomposition models for N-way N-mode binary data. To fit these models to data, rationally started alternating least squares (or, equivalently, alternating
least absolute deviations) algorithms have been proposed. Extensive simulation studies showed that these algorithms succeed
quite well in recovering the underlying truth but frequently end in a local minimum. In this paper we evaluate whether or
not this local minimum problem can be mitigated by means of two common strategies for avoiding local minima in combinatorial
data analysis: simulated annealing (SA) and use of a multistart procedure. In particular, we propose a generic SA algorithm
for hierarchical classes analysis and three different types of random starts. The effectiveness of the SA algorithm and the
random starts is evaluated by reanalyzing data sets of previous simulation studies. The reported results support the use of
the proposed SA algorithm in combination with a random multistart procedure, regardless of the properties of the data set
under study.
Eva Ceulemans is a post-doctoral fellow of the Fund for Scientific Research Flanders (Belgium). Iwin Leenen is a post-doctoral
researcher of the Spanish Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia (programa Ramón y Cajal). The research reported in this paper
was partially supported by the Research Council of K.U. Leuven (GOA/05/04). 相似文献
18.
Peiqing La Fuan Wei Xuefeng Lu Ting Shi Chenggang Chu Yupeng Wei 《Philosophical Magazine Letters》2013,93(8):478-486
The microstructures of 304 stainless steels with different amounts of nanocrystalline and microcrystalline austenite prepared by an aluminothermic reaction casting, without and with annealing at 1073?K for 8?h, have been investigated by X-ray diffraction, an electron probe micro-analyser, a transmission electron microscope and a scanning electron microscope. The steels, both without and with annealing, consisted of different dual nanocrystalline and microcrystalline austenite combinations and a little nanocrystalline δ ferrite, while the average grain size of the nanocrystalline austenite increased from 19 to 26?nm and volume fraction of the microcrystalline austenite increased from 17 to 30% after annealing. The tensile strength of the steel was dramatically increased from 500 to 1000?MPa and the tensile elongation ratio increased from 8 to 12% after annealing. However, the tensile strength was decreased to 600?MPa and the tensile elongation ratio increased from 12 to 22% after an annealing at 1273?K. The combination of dual nanocrystalline and microcrystalline austenite obtained after the annealing at 1073?K results in the best tensile properties. 相似文献
19.
A fine-grained Cu–30%Zn alloy sheet was rolled at 77 K to induce ultrafine mechanical twins. Subsequent annealing of the rolled alloy at temperatures up to 543 K led to the uniform appearance of recrystallized ultrafine grains (UFGs), which contained numerous annealing twins. Average grain sizes of 150 ~ 300 nm were produced in this way. The formation of such UFGs during annealing is attributed to the high nucleus density associated with the fine initial grain size as well as to the high densities of mechanical twins and dislocations produced by cryorolling. The high driving force for recrystallization enabled the use of relatively low annealing temperatures, which limited the subsequent grain growth. 相似文献