直立位机械通气可行性的探讨

机械通气是治疗急性肺损伤／急性呼吸窘迫综合征（ALI／ARDS）的重要措施之一,本文从理论上探讨直立位机械通气的可行性,推测其可能的机制,与肺保护通气策略的关系,尚需要解决的问题,以期证明优于传统机械通气方式。     

Assessing human reorientation ability inside virtual reality environments: the effects of retention interval and landmark characteristics

The purpose of the present study was to assess the navigational behaviour of adult humans following a disorientation procedure that perturbed their egocentric frame of reference. The assessment was carried out in a virtual reality (VR) environment by manipulating the disorientation procedure, the retention interval, the relative positions of target and landmark. The results of experiment I demonstrated that adding a physical rotation to a virtual disorientation procedure did not yield an additional decrease in searching performance. The results of experiment II showed that shortening the delay between study and test phase decreased the errors more markedly for geometric than landmark ones. An orientation specificity effect due to the manipulation of the relative position between target and landmark was discussed across the experiments. In conclusion, VR seemed to be a valuable method for studying human reorientation. Moreover, the virtual experimental setting involved here promoted knowledge of the relationship between working memory and spatial reorientation paradigm.     

Attitude accessibility and message processing: The moderating role of message position

Past research suggests that pre-message attitude accessibility can influence the amount of processing of persuasives messages (with highly accessible attitudes eliciting higher levels of processing than attitudes lower in accessibility). The current research suggests that the previous conclusions are only partly true—effects of accessibility on message processing are moderated by the extent to which the persuasive message is proattitudinal versus counterattitudinal. In two experiments, pre-message attitudes and attitude accessibility were measured (Study 1) or manipulated (Study 2) prior to receiving a strong or weak persuasive message. When messages were counterattitudinal, increased pre-message accessibility was associated with greater message processing (as in past research). However, when messages were proattitudinal, increased pre-message accessibility was associated with decreased message scrutiny. Potential underlying mechanisms and implications are discussed.     

视觉系统中类别信息加工区的特异性

近年来, 神经成像的研究结果显示, 在人类的腹侧视觉皮层内可能存在与特定类别刺激加工一一对应的类别信息加工区。但是, 类别信息加工区是否具有特异性仍然存在争议。文章总结了相关研究领域对这一颇具争议的问题的研究结果, 同时指出了末来研究可能深入的方向。这些方向包括：进一步探讨不同抽象水平的类别信息加工区域的特异性问题、检验类别信息加工区的拓扑分布观点、回答不同类别信息加工区之间的信息如何交流的问题、揭示类别信息加工区的学习机制。     

急性心理性应激诱发的神经内分泌反应及其影响因素

急性心理性应激源分别通过下丘脑-脑垂体-肾上腺轴(hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal axis,HPAA)和交感神经-肾上腺髓质轴(sympathetic-adrenal medulla axis)诱发神经内分泌反应。唾液皮质醇被认为是检测急性心理性应激所诱发的HPA轴反应的稳定指标。以特里尔社会应激测试(Trier Social Stress Test,TSST)及其变式作为应激源, 以HPA轴的反应作为应激指标, 影响个体在急性心理性应激情境中发生特异性神经内分泌反应的因素主要包括人口统计学、环境和应激频率三大方面, 未来应加强急性心理性应激所诱发的神经内分泌反应的纵向研究。     

卦主说刍议

卦主说是易学发展中一个比较重要的解易体例,其通过对《周易》经传的解构所蕴含的易学思想也是历代易学家研究的一个重要课题。卦主说发端于《易传》。后经西汉京房、魏王弼、清李光地等的阐述及运用,卦主说发展到相当完备的程度。虽然历代易学家所站的角度不同,认定卦主的标准也不尽一致,但他们之间毕竟存在着一定的承传关系。通过卦主说,他们阐明了一定的易学思想,也反映了当时的社会状况。     

Elements of the Oedipus complex: A Kleinian account1

The author discusses and illustrates the place in current Kleinian practice of the analysis of the Oedipus complex. He outlines the development of the concept of the Oedipus complex by Freud and by Klein and later writers in the Kleinian tradition. Because the child's exclusion from his parents' sexual relationship represents such a fundamental aspect of reality for the child, analysis of the patient's responses to the oedipal situation constitutes the central task of analysis. Despite the Oedipus complex being in this way central, it is sometimes hard to discern because what is most visible are the patient's defensive responses to the oedipal situation. The emergence of meaning in analysis is often understood unconsciously as the product of the parental intercourse, represented by the work of the patient with the analyst, or of the analyst's or the patient's mind. The analysis of the patient's characteristic reactions to moments of meaningfulness in analysis is therefore an especially fruitful focus for the analysis of the Oedipus complex. The author illustrates these ideas by three clinical examples, from a 3½‐year‐old child, a borderline psychotic patient and a more neurotic patient.     

Belief, hope and faith

A case of hysteria is presented in order to create a frame of reference for the author's approach to the concepts of hope, belief and faith. A difference between hope as a 'sad passion' (which is here called regressive hope) and hope as a principle of mental functioning is established. The concept of hope will at fi rst always be based on beliefs-either beliefs organised in the paranoid-schizoid position (called here fragmented and delusional beliefs)-or those organised from the depressive position (complex systems of beliefs, which end up being dogmatic); the latter typically occur in neurotics. It is suggested here that there is another possibility for hope, which is based on faith. The meaning of faith is considered here externally to the religious sense. The solid establishment of hope as a principle-based on faith-can be viewed as responsible for the opening up of creative potentials and as one of the main aims of analysis. Such an aim, however, requires the establishment of a deep relationship, both in theory and in clinical practice, between the Kleinian question of the depressive position and the Freudian question of the Oedipus complex.     

当代都市女性择偶心理的调查研究

本研究以问卷凋查和描述统计的方法,对当代都市女性的择偶心理进行了分析和探讨。从不同女性对择偶标准的排序中．显示出当代都市女性在择偶心理上的共同倾向．以及出现的某种变化。     

眼睛区域构型信息与特征信息的跨维共变增益效应及其加工特异性

面孔知觉可能在区域尺度上发生多维信息整合, 但迄今无特异性实验证据。本研究在两个实验中操纵面孔眼睛区域或嘴巴区域的单维构型或特征信息, 测量人们觉察单维变化或跨维共变的敏感度, 以此检测面孔区域尺度上的多维信息整合有何现象与规律, 进而揭示面孔知觉的多维信息整合机制。实验获得3个发现：(1)正立面孔眼睛区域的信息变化觉察呈现出“跨维共变增益效应”, 跨维信息共变觉察的敏感度显著高于任意一种单维信息变化觉察的敏感度; (2)“跨维共变增益效应”只在正立面孔的眼睛区域出现, 在倒置面孔的眼睛区域、正立面孔的嘴巴区域或倒置面孔的嘴巴区域都没有出现, 因此具有面孔区域特异性和面孔朝向特异性; (3)就单维信息变化觉察而言, 眼睛区域的敏感度不会受到面孔倒置的损伤, 但是嘴巴区域的敏感度会受到面孔倒置的显著损伤。综合可知, 面孔知觉确实会发生区域尺度上的信息整合, 它不是普遍性的信息量效应, 而是特异性的眼睛效应(只发生在正立面孔的眼睛区域)。这是面孔整体加工(face holistic processing)在单维信息分辨和多维信息整合之间建立联系的必经环节。这提示我们对全脸多维信息知觉整合的理解需要从传统的面孔整体加工假设升级到以眼睛为中心的层级化多维信息整合算法(a hierarchical algorithm for multi-dimensional information integration)。