Carmen E. Lefevre  Gary J. Lewis 《欧洲人格杂志》2014,28(6):530-537

Recent work has indicated that individual differences in facial structure are linked to perceptions of aggressiveness. In particular, the relative width of a face [facial width‐to‐height ratio (fWHR)] has been suggested to be a reliable cue to aggressive behaviour, at least in men. Additionally, facial masculinity has been associated with perceptions of dominance, a close proxy of aggressiveness. In two studies, we assessed the robustness of this link using faces transformed along these vectors in men (Studies 1 and 2) and women (Study 2). Additionally, we examined whether individual differences in self‐reported dominance of perceivers moderated this association in order to extend previous work indicating that own dominance affects perception of such behaviour in others. Results indicated that both male and female faces with increased fWHR and increased facial masculinity were perceived as more aggressive. However, we found no systematic evidence for moderating effects of self‐reported dominance on the perception of aggression in others. Taken together, these results further support the robustness of fWHR and facial masculinity as cues to aggressiveness but question whether observers' own dominance moderates their perception of these cues in others. Copyright © 2013 European Association of Personality Psychology  相似文献   

    

Galit Armon 《欧洲人格杂志》2014,28(6):550-559

This study evaluates concurrent and over time associations of personality with measures of three serum lipids associated coronary heart disease morbidity, namely, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL‐C), low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglyceride (TRI). Participants were individuals who underwent a health examination at two points of time, T1 (N = 3835) and T2 (N = 2283), about 2.5 years apart. Personality was assessed by the Five‐Factor Model. Health, socioeconomic status and healthy lifestyle behaviours (smoking intensity, physical activity and body weight) were controlled. Regression analyses indicate that the personality factors of neuroticism, extraversion and conscientiousness are each significantly associated with HDL‐C and TRI, both concurrently and over time. However, most of these associations decreased to marginal significance when adjusted for body weight or physical activity as possible mediators. Both concurrent and over time associations of the openness personality trait with HDL‐C and TRI were significant and persisted after adjustment for measures of a healthy lifestyle. This study emphasizes the importance of collecting measures of a healthy lifestyle to better understand how personality might influence serum lipids. Copyright © 2013 European Association of Personality Psychology  相似文献   

    

Kathrin Schaffhuser  Mathias Allemand  Mike Martin 《欧洲人格杂志》2014,28(2):120-133

Personality traits are important predictors of relationship satisfaction. However, the majority of previous study findings are based on self‐perceptions of personality. Thus, by means of the self‐, partner‐, and meta‐perceptions of personality, the present study focused on three different perspectives on the Big Five personality traits to examine dyadic associations with relationship satisfaction of intimate couples. The study was based on the first measurement occasion of the Swiss longitudinal study ‘Co‐Development in Personality: Longitudinal Approaches to Personality Development in Dyads across the Life Span’ and included data of 216 couples. The main analyses were based on Actor‐Partner Interdependence Model. Three general findings emerged. First, the three personality perspectives represented related, albeit distinct, constructs, and showed incremental validity with respect to relationship satisfaction. Second, neuroticism was negatively related to relationship satisfaction, whereas agreeableness and conscientiousness were positively related to relationship satisfaction across all perspectives. Third, substantial associations between e xtraversion and relationship satisfaction were exclusively evident in terms of the partner‐ and meta‐perception. The present results contribute to the literature by showing that each perspective is essential for the understanding of the role of personality for relationship satisfaction. Copyright © 2014 European Association of Personality Psychology  相似文献   

    

Tommy Grling  Kristina Krause  Amelie Gamble  Terry Hartig 《PsyCh Journal》2014,3(2):132-143

We propose a conceptual model of how time pressure affects emotional well‐being associated with mundane routine activities. A selective review of research in several areas affirms the plausibility of the conceptual model, which posits negative effects on emotional well‐being of insufficient time allocated to restorative and other activities instrumental for attaining desirable work, family life, and leisure goals. Previous research also affirms that practicing time management can have indirect positive effects by decreasing time pressure, whereas material wealth can have both negative indirect effects and positive indirect effects by increasing and decreasing time pressure, respectively. Several issues remain to be studied empirically. The conceptual model is a ground for additional, preferably cross‐cultural, research.  相似文献   

    

Alex Silk 《Thought: A Journal of Philosophy》2014,3(2):115-123

Contextualists and relativists about predicates of personal taste, epistemic modals, and so on (“CR‐expressions”) agree that the interpretation of these expressions depends, in some sense, on context. Relativists claim that the sort of context‐sensitivity exhibited by CR‐expressions is importantly different from that exhibited by paradigm context‐sensitive expressions. This bifurcation is often motivated by the claim that the two classes of expressions behave differently in patterns of agreement and disagreement. I provide cases illustrating that the same sorts of discourse phenomena that have been thought problematic for contextualists can arise with paradigm context‐sensitive expressions. These cases motivate a more unified treatment of paradigm context‐sensitive expressions and the expressions that have figured in recent contextualism/relativism debates.  相似文献   

    

Lulu Qu  Wei Dou  Cheng You  Chen Qu 《PsyCh Journal》2014,3(3):214-221

In social decision‐making games, uninvolved third parties usually severely punish norm violators, even though the punishment is costly for them. For this irrational behavior, the conflict caused by punishment satisfaction and monetary loss is obvious. In the present study, 18 participants observed a Dictator Game and were asked about their willingness to incur some cost to change the offers by reducing the dictator's money. A response‐locked event‐related potential (ERP) component, the error negativity or error‐related negativity (Ne/ERN), which is evoked by error or conflict, was analyzed to investigate whether a trade‐off between irrational punishment and rational private benefit occurred in the brain responses of third parties. We examined the effect of the choice type (“to change the offer” or “not to change the offer”) and levels of unfairness (90:10 and 70:30) on Ne/ERN amplitudes. The results indicated that there was an ERN effect for unfair offers as Ne/ERN amplitudes were more negative for not to change the offer choices than for to change the offer choices, which suggested that participants encountered more conflict when they did not change unfair offers. Furthermore, it was implied that altruistic punishment, rather than rational utilitarianism, might be the prepotent tendency for humans that is involved in the early stage of decision‐making.  相似文献   

    

Amanda C. Watts  David A. Wilder  Meagan K. Gregory  Yanerys Leon  Kyle Ditzian 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》2013,46(3):680-684

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Mark R. Dixon  Nicholas Mui Ker Lik  Leonard Green  Joel Myerson 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》2013,46(2):512-517

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Mikhail N. Koffarnus  Conrad J. Wong  Michael Fingerhood  Dace S. Svikis  George E. Bigelow  Kenneth Silverman 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》2013,46(3):582-591

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Tomas Plaenkers 《The International journal of psycho-analysis》2013,94(5):993-1017

Working on the basis of a resumé of the Chinese translations to date of individual works by Sigmund Freud and critiques of these as secondary translations from the English, the particular difficulties of translating into a non‐Indo‐European language with an isolating and analytical writing system are presented. By way of introduction, reference is made to English and French‐language contributions to the issues of translation.  相似文献