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91.
Gracie H. Boswell Eva Kahana Peggye Dilworth-Anderson 《Journal of religion and health》2006,45(4):587-602
The goal of this study was to examine stress-ameliorating effects of religiosity, spirituality, and healthy lifestyle behaviors
on the stressful relationship of chronic illness and the subjective physical well-being of 221 older adults. We also investigated
whether the intervening variables functioned as coping behaviors and orientations or as adaptations in late life. Guided by
the stress paradigm, path analysis was used to assess these relationships in a stress suppressor model and a distress deterrent
model. No suppressor effects were found; however a number of distress deterrent relationships were detected. Spirituality,
physical activities, and healthy diet all contributed to higher subjective physical well-being, as counter-balancing effects,
in the distress deterrent model. The findings have implications for future research on the role of spirituality, religiosity
and lifestyle behaviors on the well-being of chronically ill older adults. Findings also support the need for studying different
dimensions of religiosity and spirituality in an effort to understand coping versus adaptation in behaviors and orientations.
Gracie H. Boswell, Ph.D., M.Ed. (Case Western Reserve University) and (M. Ed.- Kent State University). She is a Carolina Program
in Health and Aging Research Scientist at the Institute on Aging- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Her research
interests have been social gerontology and quality of life, emphasizing religiosity/spirituality.
Eva Kahana, Ph.D. (University of Chicago) is Pierce T. and Elizabeth D. Robson Professor of Humanities and Director of the
Elderly Care Research Center- Case Western Reserve University. Her research concentration has been the sociology of aging
(coping & stress and institutionalization).
Peggye Dilworth-Anderson, Ph.D. (Northwestern University) is Director- Center for Aging and Diversity, Institute on Aging,
Professor- School of Public Health, Department of Health Policy and Administration at University of North Carolina at Chapel
Hill. Her research interests have been caregiving and minority health disparities. 相似文献
92.
93.
This study investigated the effects of a dependent group-oriented contingency on the supportive and non-supportive fair play behaviors of 6th grade students engaged in volleyball games as part of their physical education instruction. Six students, one male and one female per class, from three classes, identified as demonstrating low incidences of supportive behaviors during volleyball games, were participants in this study. A multiple baseline across classes design was used to examine the data. During baseline few incidences of non-supportive behaviors occurred among all six students. However, the participants seldom displayed supportive behaviors during games (i.e., encouraged each other). Following the introduction of the dependent group contingency, supportive behaviors for all participants increased. Follow-up data, collected in an alternative setting, indicated variable maintenance. The results are discussed in the context of group contingencies and social behaviors in sports. 相似文献
94.
David C. Schwebel 《Journal of clinical psychology in medical settings》2006,13(2):135-143
Over 200,000 American children visit the emergency room annually after a playground injury. Among the most promising means to reduce playground injuries is through increased quantity and quality of playground supervision by adults. To implement empirically supported playground supervision interventions, it is essential to understand how supervision prevents injuries. Recent research suggests supervision likely prevents injuries through several different mechanisms; this paper discusses six: (a) Supervisors repetitively teach children playground rules; (b) supervisors recognize and stop children's dangerous behavior; (c) supervisors prevent children from behaving impulsively; (d) the presence of a supervisor causes children to behave differently; (e) supervisors change children's attribution of risk; and (f) supervisors have influence as modelers and persuaders of safe behavior. Theoretical implications for future work and applied implications for the development of playground safety interventions are discussed. 相似文献
95.
The current study examined whether the association between the occurrence of negative events and increased engagement in risky behavior is moderated by maladaptive and/or adaptive coping strategies. At time 1, 411 adolescents (ages 14–19) from Yue Yang, Hunan, completed self-report measures assessing coping strategies, engagement in risky behaviors, and the occurrence of negative events. Once a month for the subsequent 6 months, adolescents completed measures assessing engagement in risky behaviors and the occurrence of negative events. In line with our hypotheses, results of hierarchical linear modeling analyses indicated that adolescents possessing high levels of maladaptive coping strategies reported greater engagement in risky behaviors following the occurrence of negative events than adolescents possessing low levels. In contrast to our hypotheses, the association between the occurrence of negative events and increased engagement in risky behavior was not moderated by adaptive coping strategies. 相似文献
96.
Two experiments were conducted to investigate generalized imitation of manual gestures in 1- to 2-year-old infants. In Experiment 1, 6 infants were first trained four baseline matching relations (e.g., when instructed "Do this", to raise their arms after they saw the experimenter do so). Next, four novel gestures that the infants did not match in probe trials were selected as target behaviors during generalized imitation Test 1; models of these gestures were presented on unreinforced matching trials interspersed with intermittently reinforced baseline matching trials. None of the infants matched the target behaviors. To ensure that these behaviors were in the infants' motor skills repertoires, the infants were next trained to produce them, at least once, under stimulus control that did not include an antecedent model of the target behavior. In repeat generalized imitation trials (Test 2), the infants again failed to match the target behaviors. Five infants (3 from Experiment 1) participated in Experiment 2, which was identical to Experiment 1 except that, following generalized imitation Test 1, the motor-skills training was implemented to a higher criterion (21 responses per target behavior), and in a multiple-baseline, across-target-behaviors procedure. In the final generalized imitation test, 1 infant matched one, and another infant matched two target behaviors; the remaining 17 target behaviors still were not matched. The results did not provide convincing evidence of generalized imitation, even though baseline matching was well maintained and the target behaviors were in the infants' motor skills repertoires, raising the question of what are the conditions that reliably give rise to generalized imitation. 相似文献
97.
98.
Heather B. Levingston Nancy A. Neef Traci M. Cihon 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》2009,42(2):361-367
We examined the effects of teaching overt precurrent behaviors on the current operant of solving multiplication and division word problems. Two students were taught four precurrent behaviors (identification of label, operation, larger numbers, and smaller numbers) in a different order, in the context of a multiple baseline design. After meeting criterion on three of the four precurrent skills, the students demonstrated the current operant of correct problem solutions. These skills generalized to novel problems. Correct current operant responses (solutions that matched answers revealed by coloring over the space with a special marker) maintained the precurrent behaviors in the absence of any other programmed reinforcement. 相似文献
99.
Kristin S. Hendrix 《Journal of experimental social psychology》2009,45(1):51-59
The self-protective mechanism of self-handicapping appears to be motivated by the need to protect ability attributions in the face of concern about possible failure. Indeed, the present research finds a correlation between trait self-handicapping and chronic prevention focus. Moreover, the present research examines the role of “regulatory fit” on the use of claimed self-handicapping by exposing high and low trait self-handicappers to performance situations framed in prevention or promotion terms. Consistent with our regulatory fit hypothesis, high self-handicappers (HSHs) handicapped significantly more (by reporting higher levels of stress) when the task was framed in prevention focus rather than promotion focus terms, and did so even when the viability of the handicap was dubious. Self-handicapping in the prevention focus condition was mediated by elevated feelings of evaluative concern. The findings suggest that conditions of regulatory fit (i.e., HSHs under prevention focus) can lead to increased use of self-handicapping. 相似文献
100.
Recent studies have shown associations between maternal psychopathology and inhibited behaviors in infants. Moreover, physiological factors have been identified as affecting the continuity of behavioral inhibition across childhood. The purpose of the present study was to examine electroencephalogram (EEG) activity and inhibited behavior in 12-month-old infants of depressed versus non-depressed and mothers. Repeated measures MANOVAs indicated that the infants of mothers with stable psychopathology had greater relative right frontal EEG asymmetry, a pattern that typically accompanies greater negative affect and greater withdrawal behaviors. Infants of affectively ill mothers also showed more proximal behaviors toward a stranger and a novel toy than infants of well mothers, but fewer non-proximal behaviors toward their mothers. These results are discussed within a framework of behavioral inhibition for infants exposed to early psychopathologies in their mothers. 相似文献