父母拒绝教养方式对中国同性恋者自杀的影响：歧视知觉的中介效应与出柜的调节效应

摘 要 本研究基于社会生态视角和应激—易感模型,调查了493名中国同性恋者,探讨父母拒绝教养方式、歧视知觉及出柜对中国同性恋者自杀的影响。结果发现：（1）父母拒绝教养方式会显著负向预测同性恋者自杀;（2）歧视知觉在父母拒绝教养方式对同性恋者自杀的影响中起中介作用;（3）出柜在歧视知觉与同性恋者自杀之间起调节作用,对于出柜的同性恋者,歧视知觉对其自杀影响不显著;对于未出柜的同性恋者,歧视知觉对其自杀有正向预测作用。     

自杀意念高中生的社会信息编码特征

采用两因素混合实验设计, 以日常用词为实验材料, 选取不同自杀意念得分的高中生为被试, 通过三个实验考察自杀意念高中生的社会信息编码特征。研究结果发现:(1)自杀意念高分组被试对出现在消极词位置的探测刺激的反应时显著短于出现在积极词位置的探测刺激的反应时; 自杀意念低分组被试对出现在积极词位置的探测刺激的反应时显著短于出现在消极词位置的探测刺激的反应时。(2)在知觉加工水平上, 自杀意念高分组被试对消极词、积极词及中性词的回忆量之间无显著差异; 自杀意念低分组被试对三类词的回忆量之间也不存在显著差异。(3)在语义加工水平上, 自杀意念高分组被试的消极词回忆量显著高于积极词回忆量; 自杀意念低分组被试的积极词回忆量显著高于消极词回忆量。研究结论如下：高自杀意念高中生存在对消极信息的注意偏向和语义加工偏向, 但不存在知觉加工偏向; 低自杀意念高中生存在对积极信息的注意偏向和语义加工偏向, 但不存在知觉加工偏向。     

PSYCHOANALYTICAL PSYCHOTHERAPY: Death in the afternoon

One afternoon, a patient who had been in three-times-weekly psychoanalytic psychotherapy for over fi ve years with the author left the offi ce after her session, drove down to the train tracks half a mile away, and sat down facing an oncoming train. Her suicide occurred a little over a year after 19 hijackers took over four passenger airplanes and fl ew two of them into the World Trade Center, and during the period of the massive buildup for a pre-emptive war with Iraq. This paper explores the very personal impact of these interlocking events of personal, political, and state-sponsored terrorism on the author. Interweaving the patient's and the author's personal struggle with the patient's overwhelming destructiveness-and how it ultimately failed-with the inability to stop the war despite the unprecedented mobilization of voices for peace across the world, it is a journey through the shattering impact of violence into the tentative discovery of a sustaining vision of hope. It explores the theme of terrorism, both personal and political, as a theater of violence designed to create maximum impact, and how fantasies of redemption, fueled and blinded by righteous certainty, can transmute into acts of breathtaking violence, and fi nd justifi cation in their own mad logic. Through the elaboration of the patient's story and its impact on the author, she offers a very personal attempt to understand and reckon with violence and destructiveness as manifested in these different forms, to grasp how openings of hope and new creative possibility are often followed by a violent regressive backlash, and to fi nd a way to survive them without losing heart for the work.     

Heart and spirit

In qualitative interview research with 25 psychoanalysts and psychoanalytic psychotherapists in London, Sydney and Melbourne, the author explored how these clinicians experienced, conceptualised and worked with spiritual issues. Bringing to bear their experience on both sides of the couch, this 'information-rich' sample of mainly senior practitioners reflected on a psychoanalytically informed view of spirituality, and its understanding in clinical practice. Two methods of analysis were used. The technique of 'narrative finding' was followed by coding of core ideas, themes and concepts expressed. Participants noted that spirit may be the 'blind spot' of psychoanalysis, and reflected that what they had wanted in their own analyses-and consider that what patients want-is to be able to have spiritual issues addressed in a similar manner to other matters, not prejudged as infantile or pathological. In participants' concepts and experience of spirit, a comfort / challenge dimension was identified. Comfort was taken in having a 'wider view', a more inclusive sense of inter-relatedness, with challenge involving a heightened sense of the unknown and a greater degree of uncertainty.     

“桑美”台风下受创学生的特质应对方式对自杀态度的影响

为了探讨自然灾害事件下受创学生的特质应对方式对自杀态度的影响,采用创伤后症状反应问卷、特质应对方式问卷和自杀态度问卷对“桑美”台风重灾区的650名中小学生进行了测查,结果表明：（1）学生的创伤后症状反应与自杀态度有着显著的相关;（2）特质应对方式对创伤后症状反应与自杀态度关系的调节效应不显著。结果支持了应对的关联模式,应对具有情境化特点。     

Homeless Youths and Young Adults in Los Angeles: Prevalence of Mental Health Problems and the Relationship Between Mental Health and Substance Abuse Disorders

Although understanding of the subsistence patterns, service utilization, and HIV-risk behaviors of homeless youths and young adults is increasing, relatively little is known about the epidemiology of mental health problems in this group or the relationships between mental health problems and substance use. This study measured symptoms of depression, low self-esteem, ADHD, suicidality, self-injurious behavior (SIB), and drug and alcohol use disorder in a sample of homeless youth and young adults living in Hollywood, CA. Results indicated extremely high prevalences of mental health problems, as compared with corresponding rates of mental health problems found among housed youths in previous studies. Prevalence of mental health problems differed by age and ethnicity. African Americans were at lower risk of suicidal thoughts and SIB than were those of other ethnicities. Older respondents and females were at increased risk of depressive symptoms, and younger respondents were at increased risk of SIB. Previous history of sexual abuse and/or assault was associated with increased risk of suicidality and SIB. Risk factors for drug abuse disorder included ethnicity other than African American, homelessness for 1 year or more, suicidality, SIB, depressive symptoms, and low self-esteem. Risk factors for alcohol abuse disorder included male gender, white ethnicity, homelessness for 1 year or more, suicidality, and SIB. Extremely high rates of mental health problems and substance abuse disorders in this sample suggest the need for street-based and nontraditional mental health services targeted toward these youths and young adults.     

Specificity of Depressive Symptoms and Suicidality in a Juvenile Delinquent Population

Research which has related scores on the Children's Depression Inventory (CDI) to suicidality have generally neglected to examine the possibility that specific depressive factors within the CDI may be more predictive of suicidality than the full scale score. Knowledge of such factors would help to explain the relationship between depression and suicidality and improve the prediction of suicidal behavior. The current study examined the relationship of depressive factors to suicidality in a sample of 200 incarcerated juvenile delinquents. The published factor structure for the CDI and one derived from the delinquent population were compared. Results revealed two factors from the derived solution, hopelessness and low self-esteem, to be more powerful predictors of suicidal ideation than the full-scale CDI score. These results suggest that symptoms such as low self-esteem and hopelessness may be responsible for the well-documented relationship between depression and suicidality. Furthermore, it appears that the prediction of suicidality may be improved by examining specific depressive factors in suicide research as opposed to full-scale scores from depression inventories such as the CDI.     

Assisted Suicide,Suffering and the Meaning of a Life

The ethical problems surrounding voluntary assisted suicide remain formidable, and are unlikely to be resolved in pluralist societies. An examination of historical attitudes to suicide suggests that modernity has inherited a formidable complex of religious and moral attitudes to suicide, whether assisted or not. Advocates usually invoke the ending of intolerable suffering as one justification for euthanasia of this kind. This does not provide an adequate justification by itself, because there are (at least theoretically) methods which would relieve suffering without causing the physical death of the suffering person. Carried to extremes, these methods would finish the life worth living, but leave a being which was technically alive. Such acts, however, would provide no moral escape, since they would create beings without meaning. Arguments seeking to justify ending the lives of others need some grounding in concepts of the meaning of a life. The euthanasia discourse therefore needs to take at least some account of the meaning we construct for our lives and the lives of others.