ALIVE AND KICKING: A REVIEW OF HANDBOOK OF BEHAVIORISM,EDITED BY WILLIAM O'DONOHUE AND RICHARD KITCHENER

Behaviorists have struggled and continue to struggle with basic questions about behavior, such as how to define behavior, how to talk about behavior in relation to environment, and what constitutes an adequate explanation of behavior. Skinner made huge progress on these questions, because of his emphasis on the generic character of stimuli and responses, his advocacy of rate as a datum, his introduction of stimulus control, and his reliance on selection by consequences as a mode of explanation. By no means, however, did he provide final answers. In particular, Skinner fell short because he never escaped from the limitations imposed by thinking in terms of contiguity and discrete events and because he never specified a useful role for theory. The 14 chapters in this book offer varying degrees of clarity on the ways in which behaviorists and behaviorally oriented philosophers dealt with basic questions in the past and are dealing with them in the present, post‐Skinner. They are reviewed individually, because they are uneven in quality. Overall, the book is a useful tool for gaining historical and philosophical background to behaviorism and for getting some idea of behaviorists' current directions.     

Is backing grounding?

Separatists are grounding theorists who hold that grounding relations and metaphysical explanations are distinct, yet intimately connected in the sense that grounding relations back metaphysical explanations, just as causal relations back causal explanations. But Separatists have not elaborated on the nature of the ‘backing’ relation. In this paper, I argue that backing is a form of (partial) grounding. In particular, backing has many of the properties commonly attributed to grounding, and taking backing to be partial grounding allows Separatists to make the most of their position vis-à-vis their Unionist opponents.     

Philosophy in Mediis Rebus

Philosophy should begin in the middle of things. I distinguish two ways in which I think that philosophy should begin in the middle of things, and then I describe the two dominant approaches to analytic philosophy today: scientific pragmatism and conceptual analysis (or, more broadly, "a priorism"). After giving reasons for dissatisfaction with both of these dominant approaches, I set out my own view – Practical Realism – and argue for the merits of its methodological and metaphysical components.     

论李鼎祚的《周易集解》

唐人李鼎祚的《周易集解》是现存最早的两汉象数易学文献,具有独一无二的文献价值。然李鼎祚的《周易集解》作为经学的解释文本是其所处时代学术思想的集中体现,他以两汉以来的象数易学及唐代易学中的"新义"反对孔颖达的《周易正义》,反映了唐代易学发展的新动向;李鼎祚的《周易集解》强烈地批判了王弼等玄学派易学"以无为本"的哲学观念,在整个易学哲学发展史中,成为沟通汉代易学与宋代易学的重要纽带。     

“I think it, therefore it’s true”: Effects of self-perceived objectivity on hiring discrimination

A sense of personal objectivity may prompt an “I think it, therefore it’s true” mindset, in which people assume that their own beliefs and introspections are, by definition, valid and therefore worthy of being acted on. In the present studies, priming a sense of personal objectivity increased gender discrimination, particularly among decision-makers who endorsed stereotypic beliefs or who had stereotypic thoughts made cognitively accessible through implicit priming. Implications for discrimination in organizational contexts, and for theories of attitude–behavior consistency, are discussed.     

Three Approaches to Doing Philosophy: a Proposal for Grouping Philosophical Exercises in Classroom Teaching

Classroom teaching has two aims: learning philosophy, that is, the great philosophers, and doing philosophy. This article provides an overview of thirty exercises that can be used for doing philosophy, grouped into three approaches. The first approach, doing philosophy as connective truth finding or communicative action, is related to such philosophers as Dewey and Arendt, and is illustrated by the Socratic method. The second, doing philosophy as test‐based truth finding, is related to such philosophers as Popper, and is illustrated by Community of Philosophical Inquiry. The third, doing philosophy as juridical debate, judging truth‐value and making judgment, is related to such philosophers as Foucault, and is illustrated by philosophical debate. The analysis shows that although the classical methods applied by the great philosophers appear to be missing from classroom exercises, they do, in fact, remain at the heart of the matter.     

Where Philosophical Intuitions Come From

Little is known about the aetiology of philosophical intuitions, in spite of their central role in analytic philosophy. This paper provides a psychological account of the intuitions that underlie philosophical practice, with a focus on intuitions that underlie the method of cases. I argue that many philosophical intuitions originate from spontaneous, early-developing, cognitive processes that also play a role in other cognitive domains. Additionally, they have a skilled, practiced, component. Philosophers are expert elicitors of intuitions in the dialectical context of professional philosophy. If this analysis is correct, this should lead to a reassessment of experimental philosophical studies of expertise.     

抑郁症哲学治疗践行可行性探讨

抑郁症的传统治疗方式主要有药物治疗和心理疗法,二者各有其优势,但也都存在困境,哲学践行或可成为抑郁症的第三种治疗路径。哲学践行的咨询过程与心理咨询有一定相似之处,但也有本质区别,即前提预设不同、咨访关系不同、采取的方法路径不同以及核心理念不同等。哲学践行者通过“苏格拉底”式对话帮助精神正常的来访者找到其问题的症结,修正原信念,建立新信念,从而走出抑郁阴霾。“人文治疗”应贯穿医学治疗的整个过程,哲学践行属于医学的组成部分,也是心理咨询的必要补充。

     

绘画的医学功能与价值：历史叙事与哲学逻辑

绘画与医学的关系源远流长,绘画的医学功能与价值是一种历史赋予和医学文化的积淀,医学发展史是一部医学与绘画的关系史,从认知模式演变的角度看,图像与医学的关系大有覆盖绘画与医学关系的演化趋势。从柏拉图到笛卡尔,身心二元论从思想萌发到“我思故我在”第一哲学原则的确立,构成近现代医学中人的身心分离的形而上学根源。现象学、诠释学等重新定义了“我们与抽象的科学”之间的关系,力求建立一个新的超越身心二元论的理论框架。医学叙事是借助现象学对具身性主体的哲学解释及由此形成的主体间性理论,有效延展医学叙事的历史。