工业组织心理学中的社会称许性研究

首先介绍了社会称许性测量中的归因与否认模型、自我欺骗与印象管理模型,相关的研究分别指出社会称许性既具有特质性又具有情境性。其次综述了计算机呈现的问卷测量与纸笔问卷在社会称许性上的差异;称许性反应对组织心理学中构念间关系的影响——称许性对构念间的关系存在调节作用,但并没有想象的广泛;以及称许性反应对选拔中的人格测验的影响。在此基础上提出了一些关于称许性研究对人格测量、职务分析的影响以及控制称许性反应方面的未来研究问题。     

情色文字与图片对大学生性倾向印象形成的启动差异

128名大学生被平均分成四个组,分别接受情色文字刺激、非情色文字刺激、情色图片刺激与非情色图片刺激,考察不同材料的情色信息会对性倾向印象形成产生怎样的启动效应。结果表明:情色文字对性倾向印象形成产生显著的正向启动效应,而情色图片对性倾向印象形成的启动没有呈现出单一方向的显著效应;男性对他人的性倾向印象形成要显著高于女性,但性别因素不对启动效应产生中介影响;接触容易令人产生性联想的情色刺激会导致个体更倾向于以性的或情色的眼光看待他人。     

Some technical implications of Klein's concept of 'premature ego development'

In this paper, the author revisits the problem of 'premature ego development' first introduced by Melanie Klein in 1930. She also highlights several developments in post-Kleinian thinking since the publication of that paper, which can be seen as offshoots of or complements to Klein's work. The author proposes a link between this category of precocious development and the absence of the experience of what Bion termed the 'containing object.' She puts forward several technical considerations relevant to analytic work with patients who suffer as a result of early developmental failures and presents various clinical vignettes in order to demonstrate the ways in which these considerations take shape in the analytic setting.     

The semantic/episodic distinction: The case for social information processing

The directed-forgetting paradigm was used in order to dissociate episodic from semantic processes in an impression formation task. Results demonstrate that incongruent behaviors are more prone to manipulations that disrupt episodic memory, whereas congruent behaviors are unaffected by such manipulations. The results suggest that the distinction between episodic and semantic memory processes is central for the understanding of social information processing. An explanation is put forward according to which the incongruency effect, a signature effect of impression formation, is due to an episodic encoding advantage for incongruent behaviors because of their semantically isolated nature, and their impoverished semantic encoding.     

内隐印象更新的心理机制

内隐印象更新表现出比外显印象更新更难、自动化或无意识发生和形成越快更新越快的特点。新近研究发现,相对简单的信息就能导致内隐印象的改变,其中,信息诊断性发挥了关键作用,新信息的强度、可信度、重新解释和归因以及预期刻板信息的一致性均是内隐印象更新的重要发生条件。社会认知维度和效价等因素、动机因素和不同的情绪情感等也对内隐印象更新有影响。进一步揭示内隐与外显印象更新差异的加工机制,探究不同信息要素的作用及印象更新的前因与后效,采用多样化的内隐范式及认知神经科学技术提供更多证据,加强本土化和跨文化比较研究将成为未来研究的重要方向。     

Widgets: A new set of parametrically defined 3D objects for use in haptic and visual categorization tasks

IntroductionMost research to date on human categorization ability has concentrated on the visual and auditory domains. However, a limited – but non-negligible – range of studies has also examined the categorization of familiar or unfamiliar (i.e., novel) objects in the haptic (i.e., tactile-kinesthetic) modality.ObjectiveIn this paper, we describe how we developed a new set of parametrically defined objects, called widgets, that can be used as 3D (or 2D) materials for haptic (or visual) categorization purposes.MethodWidgets are unfamiliar complex 3D shapes with an ovoid body and four types of elements attached to it (eyes, tail, crest, and legs). The stimulus set comprises 24 objects divided into four categories of six exemplars each (the files used for 3D printing are provided as Supplementary Material).ResultsWe also assessed and demonstrated the validity of our stimulus set by conducting two separate studies of haptic and visual categorization, involving participants of different ages: young adults (Study 1), and children and adolescents (Study 2). Results showed that humans can categorize our 3D complex shapes on the basis of both haptically and visually perceived similarities in shape attributes.ConclusionWidgets are very useful new experimental stimuli for categorization studies using 3D printing technology.     

A review of applicant faking in selection interviews

Interviews are commonly used for selection but research on interview faking only gained momentum relatively recently. We review both theoretical and empirical work on prevalence, antecedents, processes, and effects of interview faking. Most applicants fake at least to some degree. Personality (e.g., Conscientiousness, Honesty‐humility, the Dark Triad) and attitudes toward faking substantially correlate with faking behaviors. Research concerning applicants' ability, interview structure components, or contextual factors is limited. Furthermore, the impact of faking on interview ratings is mixed and effects on criterion‐related validity are not consistently negative. Finally, the detection of faking seems hardly possible and there are limited options available to reduce interview faking. Throughout our review, we describe important gaps and derive suggestions and propositions for future research.     

Beauty in the blink of an eye: The time course of aesthetic experiences

Under normal circumstances, perception runs very fast and seemingly automatic. In just a few ms, we go from sensory features to perceiving objects. This fast time course does not only apply to general perceptual aspects but also to what we call higher-level judgements. Inspired by the study on ‘very first impressions’ by Bar, Neta, and Linz (2006, Emotion, 6 , 269) the current research examined the speed and time course of three aspects of the aesthetic experience, namely beauty, specialness, and impressiveness. Participants were presented with 54 reproductions of paintings that covered a wide variety of artistic styles and contents. Presentation times were 10, 50, 100 and 500 ms in Experiment 1 and 20, 30 and 40 ms in Experiment 2. Our results not only show that consistent aesthetic judgements can be formed based on very brief glances of information, but that this speed of aesthetic impression formation also differs between different aesthetic judgements. Apparently, impressiveness judgements require longer exposure times than impressions of beauty or specialness. The results provide important evidence for our understanding of the time course of aesthetic experiences.