犯罪受害人的应激障碍及其干预

曾经在犯罪现场遭到犯罪人威胁或伤害的受害人 ,可能会因为这种遇害经历而产生各种各样的应激障碍。描述犯罪受害人有可能发生的应激障碍的临床表现 ,介绍国内外常用的评估工具 ,总结能够有效干预犯罪受害人应激障碍的方法 ,并做出简要评价     

医疗人工智能研究的风险评估及应对

医疗人工智能研发机构在开展疾病辅助诊断、治疗、预测、管理等研发活动时,需结合不同的技术特点及研究规律进行充分的风险评估并有效应对风险,包括：健康数据驱动研究应该特别关注算法技术可靠性、高质量数据以及信息保护等方面的风险;评价医学人工智能干预措施的临床试验应该关注治疗安全性以及责任归属等方面的风险;评价医学人工智能效果与对社会影响的研究应该关注评价指标、方法与结果的可靠性等。只有研发各方在早期识别出可能会对个体、机构、社会等产生的风险,并做好相应的风险防控,才能促进人工智能技术在医学领域的健康发展。

     

医学教育全球标准中的学生考核新理念探析——以美国名校为例

学生考核是医学教育中的重要环节,《本科医学教育质量改进全球标准(2015年修订版)》中学生考核标准体现了新的评价理念,即以结果为导向的学生考核、广泛多样性考核方法、形成性和终结性考核之间均衡、建立学业帮助进展考核制度、实施考核结果学生申诉制度等理念。介绍了美国名校如何采用新的考核理念。2016年,我国临床医学专业认证标准中已经融入了学生考核标准的新理念,但是目前的现实状况与国外相比差距还很大,需要认真理解与加快运用新理念的考核方式,大力推进我国医学教育评价制度改革,为健康中国战略培养优秀医学人才。     

人如其食：食物性别刻板印象及对人物评价的影响

食物在社会生活中发挥着重要作用, 具有性别文化意义。两个研究分别探索了外显与内隐食物性别刻板印象的存在及其对人物评价的影响。研究1采用提名法、自我报告法和语义启动范式检验外显和内隐食物性别刻板印象的存在, 结果表明被试均持“男性偏好男性化食物, 女性偏好女性化食物”的外显食物性别刻板印象, 女性被试持有内隐食物性别刻板印象。研究2采用情境实验法和内隐关系评估程序进一步测量被试对食物性别刻板不一致目标人物在热情和能力维度上的评价, 结果发现人们对食物性别刻板不一致男性在热情维度的内隐评价更加积极。     

Age effects on different components of theory of mind

The effects of aging on the cognitive and affective dimensions of theory of mind (ToM), and on the latter’s links with other cognitive processes, such as information processing speed, executive functions and episodic memory, are still unclear. We therefore investigated these effects in young (n = 25), middle-aged (n = 20) and older adults (n = 25), using separate subjective and objective assessment tasks. Furthermore, a novel composite task probed participants’ abilities to infer both cognitive and affective mental states in an interpersonal context. Although age affected the objective ToM tests, results revealed a direct aging effect on the second-order ToM, but an indirect one on the first-order cognitive ToM, mediated mainly by age-related declines in executive functions. This study supports the notion of an age-related distinction between subjective and objective assessments of ToM, and confirms that ToM is a complex mental ability with several characteristics reliant to some extent on executive processes.     

Subject and Interview Characteristics Affecting Reliability of the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children

Despite the well-known difficulties in obtaining reliable and valid assessments of child psychopathology, investigators generally have not examined the influence of factors such as subject characteristics or the specific assessment procedures themselves on the validity of the information obtained. To address these issues, this special section presents four studies of the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children, in which investigators examined the impact of a range of variables on the reliability of its symptom and diagnostic information. Factors studied include interview structural characteristics; question length, complexity, and placement within the interview; and interview subject characteristics. Overall findings suggest that interview and subject characteristics exert important influences on the data obtained, and that novel approaches, such as allowing subjects a greater role in the ordering of questions to be answered, may improve the precision and accuracy of such measures of children's psychopathology.     

The role of processes and contents in human memory: An item response theory approach

This study investigated the specificities and communalities of visuospatial and verbal memory contents, as well as short-term memory and working memory (STM and WM) processes with the use of Rasch models as an alternative to the previous studies based on the classical test theory. A sample of 547 undergraduate students executed four computerised tasks, each consisting of verbal-numeric WM, visuospatial WM, verbal-numeric STM, and visuospatial STM content. Confirmatory factor analyses indicated that visuospatial and verbal-numeric memory are distinct, but correlated variables. Findings also support a domain-general view of WM capacity distinct from domain-specific storage. With the use of Rasch models, our results confirm previous experimental, psychometric, and neuropsychological studies, highlighting that memory span tasks can be divided into separate subsystems for content and processes. This study also shows that better results are obtained when models with person parameter estimates (provided from Rasch models) are adopted, rather than summed raw scores.     

MARITAL SATISFACTION AMONG MOTHERS OF INFANTS WITH CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE: THE CONTRIBUTION OF ILLNESS SEVERITY,ATTACHMENT STYLE,AND THE COPING PROCESS

This study examined the contribution of illness severity and attachment style to marital satisfaction among mothers of infants with Congenital Heart Disease (CHD) as well as the mediating role of cognitive appraisal and ways of coping with motherhood tasks. Eighty-five mothers of newborns with CHD rated their attachment style 2 weeks after the infant's CHD diagnosis and two physicians rated the severity of the disease. One year later, mothers completed self-reports scales tapping marital satisfaction, appraisal of motherhood tasks, and ways of coping with these tasks. The severity of infant's disease and mothers’ attachment anxiety and attachment avoidance were related to less marital satisfaction. Moreover, whereas illness severity and attachment anxiety had direct effects on marital satisfaction, the negative effects of attachment avoidance were mediated by the appraisal of motherhood in threatening terms and the reliance on emotion-focused coping. The interconnections between attachment style, the process of coping with the stress of a chronic illness, and marital satisfaction were discussed.     

Social anxiety and the experience of positive emotion and anger in everyday life: an ecological momentary assessment approach

Abstract

A few recent studies have found evidence showing that social anxiety is associated with diminished positive affect and elevated anger. However, prior work has relied on trait self-report measures of global positive mood or anger. In this preliminary study, we examined how trait social anxiety relates to moment-to-moment positive and angry emotional states as people navigate through their natural environment in a given day. Of additional interest was whether any associations were limited to social situations or were evident more broadly in non-social situations as well. For 14 days, 38 non-clinical community adults carried electronic diaries to assess their experience of positive emotions, anger, and their current social context and activity. Participants were randomly prompted up to four times per day, leading to 1702 observations. Results showed that social anxiety was associated with less time spent feeling happy and relaxed and more time spent feeling angry throughout the day. In general, people felt happier when they were with other people compared to being alone. Interestingly, people with relatively higher levels of social anxiety reported fewer and less intense positive emotions and greater anger episodes across social and non-social situations.     

A multi-modal investigation of the roles of distress tolerance and emotional reactivity in obsessive-compulsive symptoms

Emerging evidence implicates important roles of poor distress tolerance and heightened emotional reactivity in obsessive-compulsive disorder. To date, investigations have relied mostly on self-report measures, and we sought to extend the literature by examining the relationship between OC symptoms and distress tolerance, as well as emotional reactivity, using three laboratory assessments. Nonclinical participants (N=167) viewed emotional films associated with four different negative emotions and also completed mirror tracing and handgrip persistence tasks. Greater obsessions scores were predictive of poorer emotional tolerance for a sad film and shorter persistence on the mirror tracing task. Among men only, obsessions were negatively correlated with persistence on the handgrip task. Associations between increased emotional reactivity and washing symptoms also emerged. These findings provide further evidence for the role of poor distress tolerance in obsessions and suggest heightened emotional reactivity may play a role in compulsive washing.