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981.
Levin I 《Journal of experimental child psychology》2007,98(4):193-216
English-speaking children spell letters correctly more often when the letters' names are heard in the word (e.g., B in beach vs. bone). Hebrew letter names have been claimed to be less useful in this regard. In Study 1, kindergartners were asked to report and spell initial and final letters in Hebrew words that included full (CVC), partial (CV), and phonemic (C) cues derived from these letter names (e.g., kaftor, kartis, kibepsilonl, spelled with /kaf/). Correct and biased responses increased with length of congruent and incongruent cues, respectively. In Study 2, preschoolers and kindergartners were asked to report initial letters with monosyllabic or disyllabic names (e.g., /kaf/ or /samepsilonx/, respectively) that included the cues described above. Correct responses increased with cue length; the effect was stronger with monosyllabic letter names than with disyllabic letter names, probably because the cue covered a larger ratio of the letter name. Phonological awareness was linked to use of letter names. 相似文献
982.
Bernard Molyneux 《Philosophical Studies》2007,135(2):255-277
Williamson (2000) [Knowledge and its Limits, Oxford: Oxford University Press] argues that attempts to substitute narrow mental states or narrow/environmental composites
for broad and factive mental states will result in poorer explanations of behavior. I resist Williamson’s arguments and use
Twin-Earth style cases to argue for the causal inertness of broad mental states. 相似文献
983.
984.
Pirzadeh SM McCarthy Veach P Bartels DM Kao J Leroy BS 《Journal of genetic counseling》2007,16(6):763-773
Personal values are motivational sources for an individual’s actions [Hitlin and Piliavin (Annual Review of Sociology 30:359–393,
2004)]. Genetic counselors’ values may influence their behaviors in clinical practice, but a profile of their personal values
has not been identified empirically. In this study, 292 genetic counselors completed the Schwartz Universal Values Questionnaire
(SUVQ; Schwartz, S. H. (1992). Universals in the content and structure of values: Theoretical advances and empirical tests
in 20 countries. In M. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (pp. 1–65). Boston, MA: Academic.), a widely used measure of value types, and provided information about their demographic
characteristics. Results indicate that respondents highly valued benevolence, self-direction, achievement, and universalism indicating a strong pattern of concern for the welfare of others. They placed considerably less value on stimulation, tradition, and power, which reflect personal interests. Respondents who reported practicing a religion scored significantly lower on stimulation and hedonism and higher on tradition and spirituality than those not practicing; married respondents and parents scored significantly lower on stimulation and achievement; and males scored higher on power than females. The value types are described, and training and research recommendations are provided. 相似文献
985.
Although knowledge about genetic concepts is important for individuals to be active participants in medical technologies that
use genetic science, limited information is available on knowledge about basic genetic concepts and terminology in African
Americans. The purpose of this study was to evaluate knowledge about general genetic concepts and medical genetics terminology
among African Americans and to identify factors having independent associations with knowledge. Participants were 109 adult
African Americans enrolled in a study on attitudes about race, genetics, and smoking. The majority of respondents were knowledgeable
about general genetic concepts, but were less knowledgeable about medical genetics terminology. Education was the only factor
independently associated with knowledge about sporadic disorders in multivariate logistic regression analysis. Respondents
with at least some college education were most likely to be knowledgeable about sporadic disorders (OR=2.70, 95% CI=1.10,
6.67, p=.03). The results of this study suggest that genetics education targeted to African Americans may need to focus on increasing
understanding about technical concepts related to genetics. 相似文献
986.
Toni Rønnow-Rasmussen 《The Journal of Ethics》2007,11(4):405-435
It is argued that the so-called fitting attitude- or buck-passing pattern of analysis may be applied to personal values too
(and not only to impersonal values, which is the standard analysandum) if the analysans is fine-tuned in the following way: An object has personal value for a person a, if and only if there is reason to favour it for a’s sake (where “favour” is a place-holder for different pro-responses that are called for by the value bearer). One benefit
with it is its wide range: different kinds of values are analysable by the same general formula. Moreover, by situating the
distinguishing quality in the attitude rather than the reason part, the analysis admits that personal value is recognizable
as a value not only by the person for whom it has personal value, but for everyone else too. We thereby avoid facing two completely
different notions of value, viz., one pertaining to impersonal value, and another to personal value. The analysis also elucidates
why we are (at least pro tanto) justified in our concern for objects that are valuable for us; if value just is, as it is suggested, the existence of reasons for such a concern, the justification is immediately forthcoming. 相似文献
987.
988.
弗洛姆的道德认识理论建立在对人的研究的基础上。认识善、恶以及道德规范,主要是对人性以及蕴含在人性中的可能性的认识。由于人是有生命的,处于不断的生成过程中,因此,对人的认识必须打破客观主义的认识模式,认识主体打破与对象之间的鸿沟,实现融合合一,以整个的内在体验对象,从而获得如对象本来所是的样子去认识对象。弗洛姆的体验性知识在强调人的主观情感投入到认识中的同时,认为认识对象是外在实在的,知识是普遍性有效的,因而是一种客观的认识。弗洛姆的道德认识理论与认识论的实践转向的暗相契合。 相似文献
989.
Miki Takasuna describes knowledge transfer between elite communities of scientists, a process by which ideas become structurally
transformed in the host culture. By contrast, a process that we have termed knowledge transfer by de-elitization occurs when
(a) participatory action researchers work with a community to identify a problem involving oppression or exploitation. Then
(b) community members suggest solutions and acquire the tools of analysis and action to pursue social actions. (c) Disadvantaged
persons thereby become more aware of their own abilities and resources, and persons with special expertise become more effective.
(d) Rather than detachment and value neutrality, this joint process involves advocacy and structural transformation. In the
examples of participatory action research documented here, Third World social scientists collaborated with indigenous populations
to solve problems of literacy, community-building, land ownership, and political voice. Western social scientists, inspired
by these non-Western scientists, then joined in promoting PAR both in the Third World and in Europe and the Americas, e.g.,
adapting it for solving problems of people with disabilities or disenfranchised women. Emancipatory goals such as these may
even help North American psychologists to break free of some methodological chains and to bring about social and political
change.
相似文献
William R. WoodwardEmail: |
990.
Adults, preschool children, and nonhuman primates detect and categorize food objects according to substance information, conveyed primarily by color and texture. In contrast, they perceive and categorize artifacts primarily by shape and rigidity. The present experiments investigated the origins of this distinction. Using a looking time procedure, Experiment 1 extended previous findings that rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) generalize learning about novel food objects by color over changes in shape. Six additional experiments then investigated whether human infants show the same signature patterns of perception and generalization. Nine-month-old infants failed to detect food objects in accord with their intrinsic properties, in contrast to rhesus monkeys tested in previous research with identical displays. Eight-month-old infants did not privilege substance information over other features when categorizing foods, even though they detected and remembered this information. Moreover, infants showed the same property generalization patterns when presented with foods and tools. The category-specific patterns of perception and categorization shown by human adults, children, and adult monkeys therefore were not found in human infants, providing evidence for limits to infants’ domains of knowledge. 相似文献