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941.
Does power boost happiness? The relative importance of personal versus social power in two cultures
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Researchers have revealed that power has both independent and interdependent aspects, and how the two dimensions are activated depends on contextual goals and values. In the present study, we tested the differential effects of power on happiness in two cultures that differ in their relative emphasis of social relations. We hypothesized that in an interdependent culture (South Korea), power based on interpersonal connectedness (i.e., social power) would enhance happiness more than would power that stems from independence from others (i.e., personal power). In contrast, in an independent culture (America), we examined whether personal power would bring more happiness than would social power. Findings showed that social power increased life satisfaction but personal power decreased affective well‐being among Korean participants. In contrast, American participants' personal power enhanced their subjective well‐being, but their well‐being did not differ by levels of social power. Implications of these findings for types of power, happiness, and culture are discussed. 相似文献
942.
Macalane Junel Malindi 《Journal of Psychology in Africa》2018,28(4):340-343
This qualitative study explored the self-perceived personal and socio-ecological resilience resources that enabled teenage mothers to cope with early parenthood and school in a South African school. Participants were a convenient sample of ten school-going teenage mothers in the Gauteng Province of South Africa. Their ages ranged from 16–19 years and they were in grades 10 to 12. Four teenage mothers took part in individual semi-structured interviews while six took part in a focus group interview. The interviews focused on personal and socio-ecological resilience resources that enabled their resilience as early mothers and learners. Thematic analysis of the data suggested personal resilience resources of the teenage mothers that include a positive outlook on life, a sense of humour, tenacity, toughness, determination, religiosity, and prayerfulness. Regarding social-ecological resilience resources, the teen mothers self-reported social capital from biological parents, partners, peers, teachers and pastors. 相似文献
943.
Adriana Sobrino-Bazaga 《Estudios de Psicología》2018,39(2-3):548-587
AbstractBody dissatisfaction has been studied extensively due to its relationship with issues such as eating disorders, mainly in the female and adolescent population. However, it seems that there are differences in the type of body dissatisfaction that females and males manifest with respect to their body image. On this basis, the objective of this work was to review systematically the studies published from 2010 to July 2018 into gender differences in body dissatisfaction associated with the ideal of beauty in the general population. A total of 18 studies were selected from the MeSH/PubMed, Dialnet and DOAJ databases. The results obtained from the studies analysed showed that the female population continues to show greater body dissatisfaction associated with the ideal of beauty compared to the male population. However, the manifestation of body dissatisfaction is expressed differently for men and women. 相似文献
944.
《The British journal of developmental psychology》2018,36(3):384-401
Statement of contribution
what is already known on infants’ sensorimotor knowledge about their own bodies- 3‐month‐olds readily learn to produce specific limb movements to obtain a desired effect (movement of a mobile).
- infants detect temporal and spatial correspondences between events involving their own body and visual events.
- until 4–5 months of age, infants mostly produce general motor responses to localized touch.
- this is because in the present study, infants could not rely on immediate contingent feedback.
- we propose a cephalocaudal developmental trend of topographic differentiation of body areas.
945.
摘 要 通过对350名知识型员工及其领导的配对问卷调查,探讨心理弹性对知识型员工创造力的作用机制。结果表明,心理弹性对心理安全感有显著的正向影响;心理安全感完全中介了心理弹性对创造力的影响;创造力自我效能感调节了心理安全感对创造力的正向作用;创造力自我效能感调节了心理安全感在心理弹性与创造力之间的中介作用。 相似文献
946.
Yair Levy 《Canadian journal of philosophy》2018,48(2):223-244
Intention Cognitivism – the doctrine that intending to V entails, or even consists in, believing that one will V – is an important position with potentially wide-ranging implications, such as a revisionary understanding of practical reason, and a vindicating explanation of ‘Practical Knowledge.’ In this paper, I critically examine the standard arguments adduced in support of IC, including arguments from the parity of expression of intention and belief; from the ability to plan around one’s intention; and from the explanation provided by the thesis for our knowledge of our intentional acts. I conclude that none of these arguments are compelling, and therefore that no good reason has been given to accept IC. 相似文献
947.
Ian G. Anson 《Political psychology》2018,39(5):1173-1192
A widely cited finding in social psychology holds that individuals with low levels of competence will judge themselves to be higher achieving than they really are. In the present study, I examine how the so‐called “Dunning‐Kruger effect” conditions citizens' perceptions of political knowledgeability. While low performers on a political knowledge task are expected to engage in overconfident self‐placement and self‐assessment when reflecting on their performance, I also expect the increased salience of partisan identities to exacerbate this phenomenon due to the effects of directional motivated reasoning. Survey experimental results confirm the Dunning‐Kruger effect in the realm of political knowledge. They also show that individuals with moderately low political expertise rate themselves as increasingly politically knowledgeable when partisan identities are made salient. This below‐average group is also likely to rely on partisan source cues to evaluate the political knowledge of peers. In a concluding section, I comment on the meaning of these findings for contemporary debates about rational ignorance, motivated reasoning, and political polarization. 相似文献
948.
In this paper, we present the results of two surveys that investigate subjects’ judgments about what can be known or justifiably believed about lottery outcomes on the basis of statistical evidence, testimonial evidence, and “mixed” evidence, while considering possible anchoring and priming effects. We discuss these results in light of seven distinct hypotheses that capture various claims made by philosophers about lay people’s lottery judgments. We conclude by summarizing the main findings, pointing to future research, and comparing our findings to recent studies by Turri and Friedman. 相似文献
949.
Tamar Lando 《Australasian journal of philosophy》2016,94(2):378-395
What is it to have conclusive reasons to believe a proposition P? According to a view famously defended by Dretske, a reason R is conclusive for P just in case [R would not be the case unless P were the case]. I argue that, while knowing that P is plausibly related to having conclusive reasons to believe that P, having such reasons cannot be understood in terms of the truth of this counterfactual condition. Simple examples show that it is possible to believe P on the basis of reasons that satisfy the counterfactual, and still get things right about P only as a matter of luck. Seeing where this account of conclusive reasons goes wrong points to an important distinction between having conclusive reasons and relying on reasons that are in point of fact conclusive. It also has wider consequences for whether modal principles like sensitivity and safety can rule out the pernicious kind of epistemic luck, or the kind of luck that interferes with knowledge. 相似文献
950.
Bayesian models of cognition assume that prior knowledge about the world influences judgments. Recent approaches have suggested that the loss of fidelity from working to long-term (LT) memory is simply due to an increased rate of guessing (e.g. Brady, Konkle, Gill, Oliva, & Alvarez, 2013). That is, recall is the result of either remembering (with some noise) or guessing. This stands in contrast to Bayesian models of cognition while assume that prior knowledge about the world influences judgments, and that recall is a combination of expectations learned from the environment and noisy memory representations. Here, we evaluate the time course of fidelity in LT episodic memory, and the relative contribution of prior category knowledge and guessing, using a continuous recall paradigm. At an aggregate level, performance reflects a high rate of guessing. However, when aggregate data is partitioned by lag (i.e., the number of presentations from study to test), or is un-aggregated, performance appears to be more complex than just remembering with some noise and guessing. We implemented three models: the standard remember-guess model, a three-component remember-guess model, and a Bayesian mixture model and evaluated these models against the data. The results emphasize the importance of taking into account the influence of prior category knowledge on memory. 相似文献