注意控制与短时记忆的知觉组织

、考察了短时记忆中的知觉组织是否受双作业时指导语引导的注意策略控制。各有24名北京大学本科生参加了自由回忆和顺序回亿实验。实验任务有2种：记忆和声音监控。声音监控或者安排在记忆编码阶段,或者安排在记忆提取阶段。双作业时的指导语类型有3种,分别强调记忆、声音监控或两种作业同样重要。记忆项目表分2种：不分组和知觉分组。研究发现：自由回忆中的知觉组织仅受编码阶段的指导语影响;顺序回忆中的知觉组织仅受提取阶段的指导语影响。作者设想,短时记忆中的知觉组织在编码和提取阶段都受注意控制,但记忆类型不同,注意控制的作用地点和表现形式也有所不同。     

Evidence for perceptual learning with repeated stimulation after partial and total cortical blindness

Lesions of occipital cortex result in loss of sight in the corresponding regions of visual fields. The traditional view that, apart from some spontaneous recovery in the acute phase, field defects remain permanently and irreversibly blind, has been challenged. In patients with partial field loss, a range of residual visual abilities in the absence of conscious perception (blindsight) has been demonstrated (Weiskrantz, 1986). Recent findings (Sahraie et al., 2006, 2010) have also demonstrated increased visual sensitivity in the field defect following repeated stimulation. We aimed to extend these findings by systematically exploring whether repeated stimulation can also lead to increased visual sensitivity in two cases with total (bilateral) cortical blindness. In addition, for a case of partial blindness, we examined the extent of the recovery as a function of stimulated region of the visual field, over extended periods of visual training. Positive auditory feedback was provided during the training task for correct detection of a spatial grating pattern presented at specific retinotopic locations using a temporal two alternative forced-choice paradigm (Neuro-Eye Therapy). All three cases showed improved visual sensitivity with repeated stimulation. The findings indicate that perceptual learning can occur through systematic visual field stimulation even in cases of bilateral cortical blindness.     

Doing Psychotherapy with Patients with Genital Herpes: Issues and Interventions

Abstract

This article presents issues that the psychotherapist is likely to have to deal with in treating patients with genital herpes. A review of medical issues, clinical manifestations and pharmacotherapy of herpes infections is presented. Common psychological reactions and psychopathology related to herpes simplex virus infection, a discussion of the patient's dilemma of disclosing his or her herpes simplex positive status to others and a list of cognitive-logical distortions often encountered in, and negatively affecting, patients with genital herpes are presented in detailed examples. A practical model (SANE) conceptualizing psychotherapy for patients with genital herpes in 4 intervention stages (Stabilization-crisis intervention, Acceptance, Normalization and social-personal Empowerment-evolution) is suggested for use. The use of cognitive-behavioral therapeutic strategies in facilitating the patient's assumption of a healthier psychosocial perspective in each stage is comprehensively detailed. Ethical and legal concerns in working with herpes simplex positive patients are also discussed.     

Predicting the extension of equivalence classes from primary generalization gradients: the merger of equivalence classes and perceptual classes.

In Experiment 1, 6 college students were given generalization tests using 25 line lengths as samples with a long line, a short line, and a “neither” option as comparisons. The neither option was to be used if a sample did not go with the other comparisons. Then, four-member equivalence classes were formed. Class 1 included three nonsense words and the short line. Class 2 included three other nonsense words and the long line. After repeating the generalization test for line length, additional tests were conducted using members of the equivalence classes (i.e., nonsense words and lines) as comparisons and intermediate-length lines as samples. All Class 2 comparisons were selected in the presence of the test lines that also evoked the selection of the long line in the generalization test that had been given before equivalence class formation. Class 1 yielded complementary findings. Thus, the preclass primary generalization gradient predicted which test lines acted as members of each equivalence class. Regardless of using comparisons that were nonsense words or lines, the post-class-formation gradients overlapped, showing the substitutability of class members. Experiment 2 assessed the discriminability of the intermediate-length test lines from the Class 1 (shortest) and Class 2 (longest) lines. The test lines that functioned as members of an equivalence class were discriminable from the line that was a member of the same class by training. Thus, these test lines also acted as members of a dimensionally defined class of “long” or “short” lines. Extension of an equivalence class, then, involved its merger with a dimensionally defined class, which converted a close-ended class to an open-ended class. These data suggest a means of predicting class membership in naturally occurring categories.     

知觉整体优先性的研究及其进展

知觉的性质是整体的还是分析的 ?这是心理学家们长期争论不休的问题。本世纪 70年代以来 ,一些认知心理学家提出知觉加工的整体优先性假设 ,强调整体在知觉加工中的优先地位。这一假设激发了大量整体 /局部范例的研究。本文综述了这方面的研究 ,分析了它们的理论假设 ,指出了这方面研究的局限以及替代的探讨。     

中文阅读障碍儿童的时间加工缺陷:来自知觉学习干预研究的证据

前人研究指出,阅读障碍群体具有听觉通道内的时间加工缺陷,但截止目前为止,该缺陷的非模态性、跨语言一般性、干预前景及具体机制尚不明确。本文通过综述三项在中文阅读障碍儿童中开展的听觉、视觉时间加工知觉训练,以及它们对阅读成绩的迁移效应,对时间加工技能与阅读障碍的关系,及其影响阅读发展的认知机制进行了探讨和分析,并在此基础上,提出了未来的研究构想,以充实该领域的理论建构。     

基于参数表征的数量空间关系加工

空间关系的理解是概念表征向知觉表征的转化, 而空间关系的表达则是知觉表征向概念表征的转化。两种表征的转化以参照系为中介。视觉数量空间关系加工属于知觉表征向概念表征转化的空间关系表达过程。本研究通过控制方向、朝向及距离在启动与探测中的匹配关系, 采用三个实验探讨了数量空间关系加工中参照系各参数的表征及其相互作用。结果发现：(1) 数量空间关系加工中存在方向表征, 一定任务情境下存在朝向表征。(2) 距离匹配的促进效果只在启动刺激和探测刺激的方位关系处于参照系同轴时发生。这些结果进而说明, 数量空间关系加工中内隐地包含类别空间关系表征, 一定任务情境下, 可能存在垂直/水平的类别空间关系表征; 数量空间关系加工中的距离是联系于参照系轴的表征。     

汉语塞-元-塞音序列语境效应机制探讨

以汉语塞-元音节(/pa/、/pi/和/pu/)及其声学线索的非言语模拟音为语境音,汉语/ta/-/ka/连续体为目标音,在3个实验中考察了语境音对汉语听者识别目标音的影响及潜在机制。实验1发现3个塞-元音节的语境效应与频谱对比效应的预期部分一致,与发音特征理论的预期相矛盾。实验2和实验3发现3个塞-元音节关键声学线索(第二共振峰轨迹)的非言语模拟音和所有共振峰轨迹的非言语模拟音表现出类似的语境效应,二者与3个塞-元音节的语境效应总体上一致,但细节方面存在一些差别。实验结果表明塞-元-塞音序列的语境效应主要源于语境音节关键声学线索的差异,这为听觉理论提供了支持,但语境音的语音范畴也部分影响到3个音节的语境效应模式。另外实验结果发现远离目标音关键声学线索频率区的语境音也促进了特定语音范畴的识别,可能由于语境音激活了相应语音范畴的声学线索。     

不确定性和预期有效性对运动方向感知决策的影响

环境中的运动刺激往往多变, 更好的方向感知需要同时依赖当前信息和先验信息。然而, 当前刺激的不确定性与先验线索的预期有效性在运动方向感知决策中如何整合尚不清楚。研究采用随机点运动范式, 要求被试判断散点群的整体运动方向, 方向一致的散点为相干点, 其比例越低, 不确定性越高。实验1比较了不同相干点比例下的感知准确度。根据实验1的结果, 选出20%和60%的相干点比例分别对应实验2中散点群的高、低不确定性水平。实验2比较了高、低不确定性和高、低预期有效性(线索正确预测目标的概率)下的感知准确度。结果发现, 随着不确定性的降低和预期有效性的增加, 感知准确度显著提高; 预期效应(高、低有效性下感知准确度的差异)随不确定性的提高而增加。结果表明, 先验信息与感觉信息能在运动方向感知决策中整合。研究为双重控制机制(DMC)理论下主动性与反应性控制协同工作的观点提供了实证支持, 并为交通事故的解释与预防提供了理论依据。