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161.
对“物体内注意转移”优势效应之机制的进一步检验 总被引:4,自引:1,他引:4
针对“选择性注意基于空间还是基于物体”的问题,从Egly等与Vecera等的争论出发,考察“物体内注意转移”的优势效应是否与空间因素有关,首先,与以往研究结果一致,观察到:与提示无效时相比,空间提示有效时被试对目标的反应较快,这提示基于空间的注意成分的存在;通过改变两个背景物体的形状和颜色,减弱两者之间的知觉组织之后,还发现“物体内注意转移”的优势效应与空莘距离无关,后一结果为基于物体的选择性注意 相似文献
162.
《Canadian journal of philosophy》2012,42(1):118-128
In this review of Hutto and Myin's Radicalizing Enactivism, I question the adequacy of a non-representational theory of mind. I argue first that such a theory cannot differentiate cognition from other bodily engagements such as wrestling with an opponent. Second, I question whether the simple robots constructed by Rodney Brooks are adequate as models of multimodal organisms. Last, I argue that Hutto and Myin pay very little attention to how semantically interacting representations are needed to give an account of choice and action. 相似文献
163.
164.
Keith B. Maddox Jennifer M. Perry Jeremy Pagan 《Social and Personality Psychology Compass》2022,16(8):e12699
We conducted a targeted review of the literature exploring racial phenotypicality bias (RPB): perceivers' sensitivity to within-race variation in facial target features in perceptions and judgment of others. This review revealed evidence that two distinct mechanisms underlying these effects, categorical and featural, tend to be conflated in the literature. The categorical route suggests that the pathway from target cues to stereotype application is mediated by category activation. The featural route suggests that the pathway from target cues to stereotype application is direct, bypassing category activation. The categorical route is more closely represented when researchers discuss RPB, and more often of empirical focus. With a focus on research exploring RPB toward African American people, we explain the two routes and evidence supporting their distinction. We next offer evidence estimating the degree to which they may be conflated in the empirical literature and discuss limitations to our approach. Next, we describe some potential implications of this conflation for theory, research, and applications concerning RPB. Finally, we end with some recommendations for future empirical research. 相似文献
165.
Matthew H. Scheel Aimee L. Ambrose 《Advances in cognitive psychology / University of Finance and Management in Warsaw》2014,10(1):26-31
Participants ingested a sugar drink or a sugar-free drink and then engaged in a
pair of dichotic listening tasks. Tasks presented category labels then played a
series of word pairs, one in the left ear and one in the right. Participants
attempted to identify pairs containing a target category member. Target category
words were homonyms. For example, arms appeared as a target in
the “body parts” category. Nontargets that played along with targets were
related to a category-appropriate version of the target (e.g.,
sleeves), a category-inappropriate version (e.g.,
weapons), or were unrelated to either version of the target
(e.g., plant). Hence, an effect of nontarget type on number of
targets missed was evidence that participants processed nontargets for meaning.
In the divided attention task, participants monitored both ears. In the focused
attention task, participants monitored the left ear. Half the participants in
each group had the divided attention task before the focused attention task; the
other half had the focused attention task before the divided attention task. We
set task lengths to about 12 min so working on the first task would give
sufficient time for metabolizing sugar from the drink before the start of the
second task. Nontarget word type significantly affected targets missed in both
tasks. Drink type affected performance in the divided attention task only after
sufficient time for converting sugar into blood glucose. The result supports an
energy model for the effect of sugar ingestion on perceptual tasks rather than a
motivational model. 相似文献
166.
Foteini Christidi Evangelia Kararizou Nikolaos Triantafyllou Maria Anagnostouli Ioannis Zalonis 《Neuropsychology, development, and cognition. Section B, Aging, neuropsychology and cognition》2013,20(6):667-678
We examined the contribution of demographics and cognitive background variables (processing speed, visuospatial skill, working memory, and interference control) on derived Trail Making Test (TMT) scores in a large sample of Greek healthy participants. We included 775 participants and administered the TMT (TMT-A and TMT-B) and the Wechsler Intelligence Adult Scale (WAIS). Direct (TMT-A & TMT-B time-to-completion) and derived [difference TMT-(B ? A) & ratio TMT-(B/A)] scores were calculated. Demographics (age, age2, education, and gender) and WAIS Full Intelligence Quotient significantly predicted the direct TMT-A (R2 = 0.426) and TMT-B (R2 = 0.593) scores and to a lesser extent, the derived TMT-(B ? A) (R2 = 0.343) and TMT-(B/A) (R2 = 0.088) scores. In a subsample of 537 healthy participants who also completed the Stroop Neuropsychological Screening Test (SNST), demographics (age and education), WAIS Digit Symbol, Block Design, Arithmetic, and SNST accounted for 44.8% and 59.7% of the variance on TMT-A and TMT-B, and 32.5% and 9.6% of the variance on TMT-(B ? A) and TMT-(B/A), respectively. We found minimal influence of Block Design and Arithmetic on TMT-(B ? A) and an absence of significant influence of any cognitive variable on TMT-(B/A) score. Concluding, derived TMT scores are suggested as indices to detect impairment in cognitive flexibility across the adult life span, since they minimize the effect of demographics and other cognitive background variables. 相似文献
167.
《European Journal of Developmental Psychology》2013,10(4):510-517
The How I Think Questionnaire (HIT; Barriga et al., 2001) is a self-report measure of self-serving cognitive distortions. This study used meta-analytic methods to analyse: (i) the reliability of the HIT scores across samples; (ii) the variability in reliability estimates; and (iii) the convergent and criterion-group validity of the HIT scores. Results showed an excellent reliability of the total HIT scores: mean alpha = .93, 95% CI [.92, .94]; k = 29, N = 8,186. Heterogeneity of total HIT was mainly explained by type of population. The reliabilities of the four subscale scores were also adequate. Moreover, the HIT has strong convergent validity and is able to discriminate between offenders and control participants. Limitations of the current literature are discussed. 相似文献
168.
Isabel Aline Vöhringer Sonja Poloczek Frauke Graf Bettina Lamm Johanna Teiser Ina Fassbender 《The Journal of genetic psychology》2013,174(3):156-170
The authors explored priming in children from different cultural environments with the aim to provide further evidence for the robustness of the priming effect. Perceptual priming was assessed by a picture fragment completion task in 3-year-old German middle-class and Cameroonian Nso farmer children. As expected, 3-year-olds from both highly diverging cultural contexts under study showed a priming effect, and, moreover, the effect was of comparable size in both cultural contexts. Hence, the children profited similarly from priming, which was supported by the nonsignificant interaction between cultural background and identification performance as well as the analysis of absolute difference scores. However, a culture-specific difference regarding the level of picture identification was found in that German middle-class children identified target as well as control pictures with less perceptual information than children in the Nso sample. Explanations for the cross-cultural demonstration of the priming effect as well as for the culturally diverging levels on which priming occurs are discussed. 相似文献
169.
Relationships between stage of moral judgment and antecedent social experiences are presented for a non-Western sample of young adults. Cross sectional data are presented for two groups of Kenyan students: 52 University of Nairobi students; and 40 fourth form secondary school Ss. Critical variables are (a) family modernization, (b) attending ethnically pluralistic secondary schools, and (c) living independently away from home. The correlations between moral judgment stage and these three variables are controlled for, and compared to, correlations between stage of moral judgment and age, sex, race, and academic ability (as measured by standardized achievement tests or by grades). The evidence demonstrates associations between moral stage and all three critical variables, though in different ways for the two age levels of Ss. 相似文献
170.
The construct validity of the Wallach-Kogan (W-K) creativity test was investigated through an hierarchical factor analysis of intercorrelations among intelligence, creativity, control, and criterion variables for 73 Ss enrolled in grades 3 and 4 of an inner-city parochial school. The results provided considerable support for W-K's theoretical formulations. Creativity and intelligence assessors defined separate domains and remained totally resilient to merger into a superordinate factor. The creativity domain, which was defined by W-K subtests and criterion ratings, included the following factors: general, visual, and verbal creativity plus a weak methods factor for crayon drawings. The intelligence domain, which was defined by WISC subtests, included a relatively strong g factor and the following four primary factors: verbal precision, freedom from distractibility, perceptual organization, and quasi-specific. 相似文献