Nuanced aesthetic emotions: emotion differentiation is related to knowledge of the arts and curiosity

The ability to distinguish between emotions is considered indicative of well-being, but does emotion differentiation (ED) in an aesthetic context also reflect deeper and more knowledgeable aesthetic experiences? Here we examine whether positive and negative ED in response to artistic stimuli reflects higher fluency in an aesthetic domain. Particularly, we test whether knowledge of the arts and curiosity are associated with more fine-grained positive and negative aesthetic experiences. A sample of 214 people rated their positive and negative feelings in response to various artworks including positive and negative themes. Positive ED was associated with the embracing sub-trait of curiosity that reflects engagement and enjoyment of novelty and complexity, but was unrelated to artistic knowledge and perceived comprehension. Negative ED was associated with higher curiosity and particularly more knowledge of the arts. This relationship was mediated by appraised comprehension suggesting that deeper engagement with art, by those with more art knowledge, is associated with more fine-grained emotional experiences. This finding extends ED beyond well-being research and suggests that more nuanced emotional experiences are more likely for those with expertise in the arts and motivation for exploration.     

关于普通话声调知觉中心的初步研究

通常将普通话单音节的声调F0曲线划分成“弯头段”、“调型段”和“降尾段”。考察“调型段”的具体位置和相对长度,对普通话语音教学,对开发语音识别和语音合成系统,都是很有意义的。本文使用两大类合成刺激连续体,通过辨认试验,初步确定了“调型段”在音节F0曲线上的位置,即一个单音节,不论是清声母音节,还是浊声母音节,也不论是何种声调和调域,其声调知觉中心(P-CT)的位置位于韵母段中部,而且,只要“调型段”的长度为浊音段的一半左右,就可能被感知成相应的调类。     

社会比较与亲组织不道德行为:社会比较理论的多层次视角

本研究旨在了解社会比较如何激发员工的亲组织不道德行为。社会比较可以体现在不同方面:员工追求地位体现社会比较偏好,相对领导-成员交换关系体现社会比较信息,领导-成员交换关系差异体现社会比较环境。通过对91个团队407名员工实施两阶段调查发现:相对领导-成员交换关系、追求地位、领导-成员交换关系差异促进亲组织不道德行为。追求地位和领导-成员交换关系差异正向调节相对领导-成员交换关系和亲组织不道德行为的关系。     

Perceptual consciousness plays no epistemic role

It is often assumed that perceptual experience provides evidence about the external world. But much perception can occur unconsciously, as in cases of masked priming or blindsight. Does unconscious perception provide evidence as well? Many theorists maintain that it cannot, holding that perceptual experience provides evidence in virtue of its conscious character. Against such views, I challenge here both the necessity and, perhaps more controversially, the sufficiency of consciousness for perception to provide evidence about the external world. In addition to motivating and defending the idea that unconscious perception can and does often provide evidence, I observe that whether or not perceptual phenomenology is relevant to the evidentiary status of perception depends on the nature of consciousness. And I argue that a well‐supported theory of consciousness—higher‐order thought theory—invites a striking conclusion: that perceptual phenomenology is not on its own sufficient to provide for evidence of the external world.     

An expert–novice comparison of feature choice

Perceptual experts have learned to rapidly and accurately perceive the structural regularities that define categories and identities within a domain. They extract important features and their relations more efficiently than novices. We used fingerprint examination to investigate expert–novice differences in feature choice. On each fingerprint within our set, experts and novices selected one feature they thought was most useful for distinguishing a particular print and one feature they thought was least useful. We found that experts and novices often differed in the features they chose, and experts tended to agree more with each other. However, any such expert–novice difference appeared to depend on the image at hand typically emerging when salient or more conspicuous features of a fingerprint were unclear. We suggest that perceptual training ought to direct attention to useful features with the understanding that what is useful may change depending on the clarity of the stimuli.     

Effects of neonatal treatment with cyproterone acetate on aggressive behavior induced by footshock in adult male rats

High levels of androgens are required to organize aggressive behavior in adult male rats. Footshock-induced aggression was tested in Wistar rats allocated to one of three experimental groups: control (oil-injected) males (M), males neonatally injected with the antiandrogen cyproterone acetate (CA), and males treated as in the CA group but gonadectomized just before puberty (CAG). An antiaggressive effect of CA in those adult male rats neonatally treated with this compound was found. Neonatal exposure to cyproterone acetate exerts an antiandrogenic effect over the expression of shock-induced aggressive behavior. The behavioral effects of CA were not countered by adult treatment with testosterone propionate.     

分配注意对短时记忆中知觉组织的影响

以大学生为被试,采用双作业技术研究自由回忆和顺序回忆中编码和提取阶段分配注意对短时记忆知觉组织的影响。研究发现：在集中注意条件下,自由回忆和顺序回忆中分组项目表的回忆成绩均最著优于不分组项目表,表现出知觉分组效应;在编码阶段分配注意,自由回忆和顺序回忆中的知觉分组效应均消失;在提取阶段分配注意,顺序回忆中的知觉分组效应消失,而自由回忆中的此效应仍然保留,显示出自由回忆和顺序回忆的不同特点。作者设想,短时记忆的知觉组织加工既发生在编码阶段,也发生在提取阶段,而以编码阶段为主,并需要较多注意资源。     

右侧脑发育不全遗忘症患者的启动效应与右侧皮层的分离

采用ＷＭＳ－ＣＲ、ＷＩＳＣ－ＣＲ和４项内隐记忆任务（偏好、自由联想、字根补笔和字辨认）观察一例右侧大脑发育不全患者和两组正常对照的知觉性启动效应和语义性启动效应。发现该患者智力发育迟滞、记忆功能严重障碍,但两种启动效应正常。显示右侧大脑皮层发育不全不影响两种启动效应任务操作,启动效应与右侧大脑皮层分离。不支持Ｋｅａｎｅ等人认为知觉性启动效应的神经学基础在大脑皮层的结论。结合先的研究结果认为知觉性启动效应可能与基底神经节有关,语义性启动效应可能与左侧大脑皮层有关。     

联想启动与知觉启动的比较研究

采用快速命名方法探讨不同加工水平对联想启动效应的影响。被试分别在深、浅加工条件下学习一系列颜色词,然后完成颜色命名和再认任务,并设立词命名任务,以比较联想启动和知觉启动的异同。结果表明,在颜色命名任务中,深、浅加工条件下均可形成对颜色词的启动效应,但浅加工条件下的再认成绩明显低于深加工,出现了联想启动和再认的分离现象。词命名表现出与颜色命名相似的结果,但它们在有意识回忆方面仍存在一定的差异,提示知觉表征系统单独并不能支持联想启动,联想启动可能是多个记忆系统共同作用的结果。     

Perception Versus Knowledge of Cause and Effect in Children: When Seeing Is Believing

Recent research has shown that even infants have perceptual sensitivity to the causal structure of the world, and it is often claimed that causal knowledge supports many of preschoolers' impressive cognitive achievements. That older children nevertheless can encounter difficulties in causal-reasoning tasks is typically attributed to lack of domain knowledge. A different explanation, however, is that causal structure may appear at more than one level, in perception, as well as in underlying knowledge. Children may make some reasoning errors because they have difficulty coordinating these levels. This article reviews relevant evidence on physical causality: Even infants in their first year perceive the causal structure of simple collision events. This perceptual skill could support rapid causal learning without prior knowledge and thus helps us understand children's precocity preschoolers already reason with the assumption that causes and effects are linked by underlying physical mechanisms. However, what may promote early development may later become a hindrance: When perception and mechanism point to different causes, children may not realize that mechanism is superordinate. Although the components of competent causal reasoning are available early in development, much experience may be required before children learn how to integrate them.