知觉组织对时序知觉的双重影响:同时判断任务的证据

本研究探讨知觉组织对时序知觉的双重影响。实验采用三条线段构成的C形为实验材料,操纵图形朝向和SOA水平(实验1和实验2)、图形颜色(实验3)以及反应限制(实验4),要求被试完成同时判断任务。结果发现,在不同的SOA条件下,图形对向条件的同时判断频率均显著高于图形反向条件(实验1),即使在知觉组织线索弱化时这种现象仍然存在(实验2和实验3),而且知觉组织对时序知觉的影响不是由于被试的反应偏向导致的(实验4)。结果说明知觉组织对时序知觉存在双重影响:当两个刺激同时出现时,知觉组织能够提高时序知觉表现; 而当两个刺激非同时出现时,知觉组织显著降低时序知觉表现。     

知觉组织影响时序知觉的认知机制:ERP研究的证据

以往研究显示,知觉组织影响时序知觉,采用ERP技术拟探讨知觉组织影响时序知觉的认知机制。采集23名被试完成同时判断任务的脑电数据。行为结果发现,知觉组织影响时序知觉,具体表现为知觉组织条件的同时判断频率显著高于非知觉组织条件。ERPs结果发现,在P1和P2成分上,知觉组织条件与非知觉组织条件引发的波幅没有显著差异; 而在N1成分上,知觉组织条件诱发的N1波幅显著大于非知觉组织条件。这表明,知觉组织对时序知觉的影响可能发生在视觉刺激加工的早期阶段,视觉刺激的知觉组织先于时序信息加工。     

冲突视阈下类别信息与个体信息知觉负载的认知控制效应

个体根据知觉选择、反应偏向以及实时更新的情境信息调节自身状态,以适应性地促进对当前知觉信息的灵活编码,这一过程即为印象形成的认知控制。采用词语判断任务与侧抑制任务的变式将他人信息(类别信息vs.个体信息)分成高、低知觉负载两种水平,考察了冲突视阈下认知控制策略对他人印象形成的调控作用及知觉负载的效应。结果发现:(1)知觉负载影响他人印象形成的认知控制策略。(2)当类别信息与个体信息存在知觉冲突且个体的知觉负载较高时,受到反应性控制的作用,他人印象形成易出现冲突适应偏向; 当个体的知觉负载较低时,他人印象形成易受主动性控制的作用,从而产生冲突抑制偏向。这些结果表明,当个体形成他人印象时,其认知控制策略因受知觉负载影响而呈现分阶段加工特征。     

Children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD) can adapt to perceptible and subliminal rhythm changes but are more variable

Children with DCD demonstrate impairments in bimanual finger tapping during self-paced tapping and tapping in synchrony to different frequencies. In this study, we investigated the ability of children with DCD to adapt motorically to perceptible or subliminal changes of the auditory stimuli without a change in frequency, and compared their performance to typically developing controls (TDC). Nineteen children with DCD between ages 6–11 years (mean age ± SD = 114 ± 21 months) and 17 TDC (mean age ± SD = 113 ± 21 months) participated in this study. Auditory perceptual threshold was established. Children initially tapped bimanually to an antiphase beat and then to either a perceptible change in rhythm or to gradual subliminal changes in rhythm. Children with DCD were able to perceive changes in rhythm similar to TDC. They were also able to adapt to both perceptible and subliminal changes in rhythms similar to their age- and gender- matched TDC. However, these children were significantly more variable compared with TDC in all phasing conditions. The results suggest that the performance impairments in bilateral tapping are not a result of poor conscious or sub-conscious perception of the auditory cue. The increased motor variability may be associated with cerebellar dysfunction but further behavioral and neurophysiological studies are needed.     

汉语塞-元-塞音序列语境效应机制探讨

以汉语塞-元音节(/pa/、/pi/和/pu/)及其声学线索的非言语模拟音为语境音,汉语/ta/-/ka/连续体为目标音,在3个实验中考察了语境音对汉语听者识别目标音的影响及潜在机制。实验1发现3个塞-元音节的语境效应与频谱对比效应的预期部分一致,与发音特征理论的预期相矛盾。实验2和实验3发现3个塞-元音节关键声学线索(第二共振峰轨迹)的非言语模拟音和所有共振峰轨迹的非言语模拟音表现出类似的语境效应,二者与3个塞-元音节的语境效应总体上一致,但细节方面存在一些差别。实验结果表明塞-元-塞音序列的语境效应主要源于语境音节关键声学线索的差异,这为听觉理论提供了支持,但语境音的语音范畴也部分影响到3个音节的语境效应模式。另外实验结果发现远离目标音关键声学线索频率区的语境音也促进了特定语音范畴的识别,可能由于语境音激活了相应语音范畴的声学线索。     

The attentional blink is attenuated for objects of expertise

Perceptual expertise with a specific domain of stimuli has been shown to afford numerous benefits to information processing performance. Previous work has suggested that face perception, a domain of perceptual expertise for many, is less susceptible to one of the most robust examples of information processing limits, namely the attentional blink. Here we extend this finding to non-face objects of expertise, supporting an expertise-related account of this benefit. Further, the attenuation of the attentional blink phenomenon was correlated with expertise at an individual level, whereby greater expertise with cars yielded a smaller attentional blink for these stimuli. These results support previous work suggesting that extensive experience with a class of objects, such as in the case of perceptual experts, can reduce the consequence of inherent limitations in human information processing. Possible mechanistic accounts of how experience may circumvent processing limitations are discussed.     

中文阅读障碍儿童的时间加工缺陷:来自知觉学习干预研究的证据

前人研究指出,阅读障碍群体具有听觉通道内的时间加工缺陷,但截止目前为止,该缺陷的非模态性、跨语言一般性、干预前景及具体机制尚不明确。本文通过综述三项在中文阅读障碍儿童中开展的听觉、视觉时间加工知觉训练,以及它们对阅读成绩的迁移效应,对时间加工技能与阅读障碍的关系,及其影响阅读发展的认知机制进行了探讨和分析,并在此基础上,提出了未来的研究构想,以充实该领域的理论建构。     

Differentiation of Self and Psychological Reactance

This study examined the relationship between differentiation of self and psychological reactance. A total of 279 college students completed the Personal Authority in the Family System Questionnaire, the Therapeutic Reactance Scale, the Questionnaire for the Measurement of Psychological Reactance, and demographic questions. Results showed that three measures of differentiation (i.e., intergenerational individuation, peer intimacy, and peer individuation) significantly predicted psychological reactance. Implications of these results for therapists are provided.     

The Orthogenetic Principle in the Perception of “Forests” and “Trees”?

This study explores possible links between ontogenetic and microgenetic change (Werner, 1948, 1957) in the perception of stimuli with multiple levels of structure. Visual search for targets defined by local versus global structure was examined in observers aged 6, 8, 10, and 22 years. Perceptual access to each level of structure was varied by using pattern elements of same (easy) or opposite contrast polarity (hard); attentional processes were isolated from sensory processes by varying the number of display items. The results showed large improvements with age in search rates for global targets, with search rates for local targets being more constant over age. This pattern held regardless of whether perceptual access to a target was easy or hard. These results support the view that the perception of local and global structure involves different underlying processes.